In this study, comprehensive community sports clubs are classified into three types. The first type includes clubs that provide sports programs for people with disabilities (Type A), the second type includes clubs that do not offer programs specialized for people with disabilities but they allowed to participate (Type B), and the third type refers clubs in which disabled persons do not take part (Type C). The purpose of this study is to clarify the features of each type of the club. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 1,431 clubs, and 425 were valid. The valid response rate was 29.7%. The main findings were as follows. 1 Of the 425 clubs, 34.6% had members with disabilities. Many members who participated in those clubs had physical and intellectual disabilities, whereas people with internal disabilities, mental disorders and multiple disabilities were rarely participated. Except for phonetic, speech and chewing disorders, men showed a higher participation rate than women with the same type of disabilities. 2 When Type A was compared to the other two types, Type A had more club members and larger annual budget, and more likely to have a juridical person. Those results suggested that people with disabilities tend to participate in a club with many members and more stable economic base. 3 More clubs in Type A develop the system of providing information and safety management for people with disabilities, and use external resources like local governments, volunteer groups, and other organizations than those in Type B. 4 More than half of members with disability in Type A chose their clubs because their acquaintances or persons who concerned welfare were there, while most members with disability in Type B were recruited through public advertisement.

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This study present aimed clarifying university student volunteers' continuation participatory process in sporting activities for person with intellectual disability. Interview investigation was conducted to the university student volunteers who belonged to "Special Olympics Nippon Aomori", and those data was analyzed by the Modified Grounded Theory Approach (M-GTA). Their interview data suggested the followings. They had started the volunteer activities with various participating motives. As they continued sporting activities for person with intellectual disability, they repeated not only affirmative experience but also negative experience, and a dilemma was accumulated by them. Moreover, they felt any complaint about their low evaluation caused their few working experience.

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The purpose of the present study was to propose the standard values of muscle thickness at the middle of the anterior thigh, which would become helpful guidelines in promoting prevention of decreasing mobility. Four hundred thirty-two Japanese adults (176 males and 257 females) whose age ranged between 20 and 82 participated in this study. We measured the thickness of their subcutaneous fat and muscles in the anterior thigh during a supine position using A-mode ultrasound device. In both the male and the female groups, the muscle thickness decreased with aging. In female over 60 years old group, the decrease accelerated. Because the muscle thickness was related to body height and weight, this study proposed that the muscle thickness(mm)・height(m)・weight(kg)^<-1> is an index of muscle thickness for assessment. Furthermore, we proposed the standard values of the index at each generation; 1.0 (twenties), 0.95 (thirties), 0.9 (forties), 0.85 (fifties), 0.8 (sixties), and 0.7 (seventies).

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For students with intellectual disabilities attending a special needs education high school, this study examined the kinds and structures of sports activities that they will participate in after graduation, their relation with individual student attributes, and their relation with present circumstances and prospects of sports activities. Participants were administered a self-report questionnaire, eliciting data of 282 students. The results of analyses indicated the following. Sports activities that they hoped to continue after graduation were bowling, basketball, and swimming. The least were golf, dodge- ball, and Judo. Factor analysis revealed six factors: gymnasium sports, dance sports, outdoor ball sports, hobby sports, winter sports, and stamina sports. Multiple regression analysis showed the following. The gymnasium sports factor correlated with whether students hope to play sports on holidays after graduation. Students are more willing to play gymnasium sports as they feel so. The dance sports factor correlated with sex and whether students hope to play sports on holidays after graduation. Students are more willing to play dance sports as they feel so. Women will play dance sports more than the men. The outdoor ball sports factor correlated with whether students like to play sports. Students are more willing to play outdoor ball sports as they feel so. The hobby sports factor correlated with whether students hoped to play sports on holidays after graduation. Students are more willing to play hobby sports as they feel so. The stamina sports factor correlated with grade, sex, and whether students enjoy playing sports on holidays at the time. Students are more willing to play stamina sports as they feel so. Higher grade respondents will play stamina sports and men will play them more than women.

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