In order to clarify the personality in patients with glossodynia, 13 patients with glossodynia, consisting of 12 females and 1 male, were studied by the Rorschach method.The personality was derived by the obtained Rorschach responses in 6 categories (Nagoya University method), including 1) the total number of the responses, the number of rejected cards, the time of the initial response, the turning of stimulus cards, etc., 2) the location of the response, 3) the determinant factors of the response, 4) the contents of the response, 5) the affective symbolism, and 6) the average rate of the main response.The patients were divided into high and low groups according to the average responses of normal Japanese.The numbers of patients in the two groups for each Rorschach variable was analyzed by the chi-square test.
In this study, the personality of the patients with glossodynia was considered on the basis of 3 factors;1) intelligence, 2) emotion, and 3) human relationships.The present study indicated that the patients with glossodynia were dissatisfied in daily life and put themselves under strain as a result, and thus had a very negative life style.

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It is said that intricate changes in the saliva composition act as a barometer to determine the condition of the oral cavity and body.This experiment dealt with measuring the pH curve of the saliva in order to possibly apply it to clinical investigations on the mental state of the patient.
The first part of the experiment dealt with obtaining the pH curve of the saliva by a digital pH meter by placing the saliva sample once under a plastic covering and again without.We collected the mixed resting saliva from 49 subjects on a sampling sheet and measured each pH curve as well as NaCl and K⁺concentration.The mixed saliva showed a stable pH value for the first 30-60 seconds under the covered plastic plate, but showed an abrupt increase after uncovering it.The pH elevation tended to peak about 4.5 minutes after collecting the sample, followed by a gradual decline thereafter.The range of the stable pH value was 7.15±0.06, and the average pH increase was 0.30±0.03.Cluster analysis of the pH curve of the saliva revealed 3 distinguishable groups.
The second part of the experiment dealt with how gargling, brushing without tooth paste, and brushing with tooth paste affected the pH curve of the saliva among 10 healthy adults. Characteristics of an increase in the initial pH value and a small decline after reaching the maximum pH value were observed just after gargling and brushing.Features of the stimulated saliva were also detected by a decrease in K+ concentration and an increase in NaC1 concentration. Finally, the X²-test was used to calculate the recovery rate back to its pH curve of the resting state as well as NaCl and K⁺concentrations.
As a result, the recovery rate of the mixed resting saliva for gargling was 20 minutes, 40 minutes for brushing without tooth paste, and 120 minutes for brushing with tooth paste.

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Tianeptine is a novel antidepressant which uniquely facilitates 5 -hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) re-uptake. When given in a dose of 10 mg/kg to rats pretreated with phenelzine (50 mg/kg), it markedly reduced the frequency of wet-dog shakes (WDS) evoked by tryptophan (100 mg/kg) given 30 min later. This effect of tianeptine was opposite to that of paroxetine, a selective 5 -HT re-uptake inhibitor, which greatly increased thetryptophaninduced WDS. On the other hand, repeated administration of tianeptine for 4 weeksincreased the WDS induced by tryptophan whereas single tianeptine administration produced the opposite effect. Chronic treatment of paroxetine also increased the tryptophan-induced WDSalthough the effect was attenuated. When behavioural response was tested 24 hours after tianeptine or paroxetine injection, chronic treatment of both drugs tended to increase the tryptophan-induced WDS but did not affect the WDS evoked by DOI, a selective 5 -HT₂receptor antagonist.

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This study investigated various kinds of parameters concerning chewing movement in relation to psychosomatic factors such as anxiety. Fifty Subjects (male: 46 female: 4, Average: 26.4 years old), studying in Osaka University, free of stomatognathic dysfunction signs participated in this study. At first, they answered a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form X questionnaire (STAI), and their chewing movements were recorded by a Sirognathograph Analysing System III. Then, the scale of State or Trait Anxiety was correlated with parameters of chewing movement ; rhythm, occluding points, shape of chewing pathway andmaximum speed were investigated.
The results were as follows;
1) There was a positive correlations between the scale of the State Anxiety and the occluding phase period and a negative correlation with the maximal jaw opening.
2) Concerning the scale of Trait Anxiety there was a negative correlation with the amount of maximal jaw opening, and also a negative correlation with maximum jaw opening and closing speed.
It was suggested that psychosomatic factors such as anxiety participate in chewing movement.

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The number of patients with psychiatric disorders are increasing to approximately 360, 000 by 1991 in Japan. One of the features of many such patients is a lack of dental hygiene consciousness. In our first report, their routine brushing rate was just over 70%, the DMF index is worse than that of mentally healthy Japanese. However, few data are available about whether the severity of the main disease in closely related to changes in dental condition or not. We surveyed and composed the DMF index, gingival condition and brushing rate among wards. The surveyed hospital was composed of 9 wards, six of them open wards and the rest of them closed. The DMF index is higher in closed wards than in open wards, the gingival condition was worse at the incisors than molars and the tooth brushing rate closed wards showed an extremely lower level than in the open wards.

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Recently, many cases in which stress is the main cause of craniomandibular disorder (CMD) have been reported. Thus, in order to properly diagnose and treat the different stages of CMD, it becomes vitally important to objectively grasp the effect of stress.This report studied the changes in salivary pH of 15 normal adults with no CMD or autonomic nervous system (ANS) abnormalities. Stress was applied experimentally by having the subject perform and answer simple factorial equations under conditions of heavy lighting and sound for a period of 1 minute. Mixed resting saliva was collected before and after such stress was applied, and additional physiological parameters such as the pneumogram, electrocardiogram, and plethysmogram were also recorded to determine the state of the ANS. The saliva samples were obtained by sampling paper during the resting period before stress, immediately after stress, as well as at the 3, 6 and 10 minute marks. Furthermore, the saliva measurements were taken 9 minutes more for each time frame. The samples were covered with a plastic plate and the pH was measured. Measurements showed the pH value to stabilize after 1 minute. However, after removing the plastic plate and allowing volatization of CO₂ gas, the pH began to elevate until it reached a maximum peak at approximately 5 minutes. This pH difference from the stable state was referred to as DIAL. Analyses concerning ANS were also recorded for 1 minute before collecting the saliva.
In conclusion, the coefficiency of the plethysmogram amplitude increased due to slight stress, while stable pH ualues and DpH¹ decreased after slight stress, thus indicating a relationship between the activity of the parameters involving autonomic responses and pH curve of the saliva. We concluded that these studies showed that stable pH values and DpH¹ reflect the activity of the autonomic nerve responses.

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Asked a patient extremely fearful of having halitosis and displeasing other due to her body odor to write a “description of impressions”.
A 29-year-old female, complaining of halitosis, is reported as on example of improvement of anthropophobia (olfactory bromidrosiphobia). Halitosis was not recognized but she was convinced that it was so bad that others often avoided her in the office or trains. Initially, we listened to her carefully, but her complaints did not reduce significantly. Then we repeatedly recommended her to write a “description of impressions”. Eventually she wrote it, and we made a brief comment on her report. We gave supportive comment about healthy remarks in her description. Somehow her feelings toward her halitosis changed, and now she say that she can speak to others more freely than before. It can be concluded that writing a “description of impressions” may be effective in the treatment of fear of halitosis, especially, the fear of displeasing others by one's body odor.

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Twenty-two patients complaining of taste abnormality, 17 with hypogeusia and 5 with dysgeusia, were clinically examined to determine the causes. Hypogeusia was induced by iron deficiency in 5 females, xerostomia in 3 females and 1 male, and by xerostomia-induced candidiasis in 2 males. The remaining hypogeusia was associated with psychogenic glossal pain (glossodynia) in 3 males and facial nerve paralysis in 1 female, and idiopathic hypogeusia was found in 2 males. Dysgeusia was induced by candidiasis in 2 cases, and idiopathic and psychogenic dysgeusia were observed in one and 2 females, respectively. Except for psychogenic origin, taste thresholds increased in 4 fundamental tastes, however there was one exceptional case which exhibited an increased threshold for only salt. Oral iron lowered the thresholds within a short period after treatment in cases which revealed lowered serum iron, and treatment with an artificial saliva allowed recovery of normal taste in patients with xerostomia accompanying an increase of salivation. After treatment with a mouth wash with an antifungal agent (Amphotericin B), taste thresholds lowered to the normal ranges in cases positive for candida culture. Taste abnormality disappeared with disappearance of “glossal pain” in psychogenic cases. However, no taste improvement was obtained in idiopathic cases. From these results, it can be concluded that taste abnormality may be induced by many different organic disorders, and in sometimes associated with psychogenic disturbance, and further that examination of taste threshold, salivary flow rate, serum iron level, and also candida cell culture are essential for correct diagnosis of taste abnormality.

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In the constantly changing social environment today's dentist and their patients face many difficult problems concerning the ideal and rational delivery of dental services, and how to decrease dental problems.
In this paper, proceeding from a basis of a previous report, and broadening the research field we employed multivariate analysis for items in a questionnaire and in the CMI. We report the factors found to affect stress on practicing dentists.

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In recent years, the number of patients with psychosomatic disorders in our hospital has increased. Generally, we use minor tranquilizers, but some patients complain of sleepiness, in stability and nausea.
This report the fine results of herbal medicines on 68 such patients during the last two years. Of the 68, 45 cases were female and 23 cases were male. The patients' age ranged from 40 to 70 years, and averaged 56 years.
We used 5 herbal medicines (Kami-shoyo-san, Unsei-in, Sho-saiko-to, Byakko-ka-ninjin-to and Bakomondo-to.)
One dose was 2.5g taken three times a day before meals. The effects were studied for a period of from two to 20 weeks. No minor tranquilizer was taken during this period.
The clinical effects on the patients were graded on the basis of reports by the patients.
With Kami-shoyo-san excellent effects were obtained in 80% and there was no case with no effects.
Both Unsei-in and Sho-saiko-to obtained excellent effects in 45.6%, and good effects in 30.9% and 32.4%, respectively.
With Byakko-ka-ninjin-to excellent effects were obtained in 45.6%, and good effects in 29.4%. Bakomond-to obtained excellent effects in 41.2%, and good effects in 33.8%.
In addition to psychosomatic methods of treatment, we found that good results were obtained by performing traditional examinations related to Chinese herbal medicine and then giving the patient appropriate herbal medicines based on the results. There is still much room for study to determine what effects a mixture of herbal medicines might have, but as long as the herbal medicine is effective we feel that this kind of medicine has its place in the clinical treatment of psychosomatic patients.

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It is to be expected that cleft lip and palate patients are affected both mentally and physically by their disfigurement and speech difficulties.
The authors decided to study how this disorder affected the personality of patients in their late teens, using an egogram from an independent standpoint prior to recheiloplasty in 200 cleft lip and palate patients.
(100 males and 100 females)
Furthermore, we administered the same tests to 500 normal young men and women (250 each) and there were taken to be control groups.
1. Cleft lip and palate male patients received high marks on CP, A, AC, in 5 division egograms (P<0.01). Females received low marks in A and FC (p<0.01).
2. According to egogram, male patients were rather unorganized, lacking in harmony, and somewhat selfish, but, were sympathetic towards others.
Female patients found it difficult to express discontent with their surroundings, allowed frustration to build up inside them and found it easier to do something about their surroundings in silence.

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