It is necessary to estimate the impact force received by the human body for the purpose of accident prevention, accident analysis and criminal investigations against contact of Machine and structure, fall, overturn and brutal blows of blunt instruments. In this study, we showed the performance of subcutaneous fat and muscle buffering by measuring the impact force to the pork. As a result, the following findings were obtained. 1) For estimation of buffer property of muscle and fat tissue of human to impact force, it is possible to substitute pork. 2) Skin is poorer on buffer property than muscle and fat tissue. 3) The magnitude of the impact force transmitted to the bone rises in proportion to a rise in impact velocity, and is estimated to be at least ten times the weight of impactor. 4) Exist as complex of skin, muscle and fat tissue, the impact force transmitted to the bone is not less than one-tenth compared with only skin.

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   The results of our research into the latest global technology of microprocessor controlled lower limb prostheses produced the Intelligent Prosthetic (IP) System that is satisfying international demand. We are also developing new prosthetic system that will allow the user to negotiate various terrains, and we will continue to report on gait analysis studies among trans-tibial and trans-femoral prosthesis users. In this study, we followed one subject using a trans-tibial prosthesis, analyzing his gait on different terrain such as stairs, slopes and uneven terrain, and investigated the necessary function at the knee joint for trans-femoral prosthesis users. From the results of our experiments on the trans-tibial subject, we calculated the load vectors which was applied to the prosthesis as well as the knee joint moment, and gained chronological data on the knee joint moment with respect to knee flexion. When we focused on the knee joint moment, there was significant disparity between the data for trans-tibial and trans-femoral prostheses, indicating that there are several functions that should be added to the knee joint of the trans-femoral prostheses to allow it to approach the knee of trans-tibial prosthesis users.

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   Pressure ulcers are localized areas of tissue breakdown in skin and underlying tissue caused by pressure, shear, friction, and/or a combination of these. Pressure ulcer patients have fragile skin structure and, the slight external force causes skin breakdown. In the skin of pressure ulcer patient, it is thought that concentration by the external forces of the distortion causes pressure ulcers. In this study, we evaluated dynamic viscoelasticity of the human skin and specified the origin of skin drift. The model of pressure ulcers was made in consideration of that drift origin. This model consisted of a cellulose sponge and styrene. Then, the strain of the human skin and the model was measured. We examined the strain measuring method of the skin from those results, and visualized the strain of a patient's pressure ulcer circumference.

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 Cleaning technique to remove fine particles on a surface under dry environment is greatly wanted in manufacturing processes of LCD, functional films and so on. However, it is usually difficult to remove the fine particles by the impingement of simple airflow because the particles stick to the surface stiffly owing to the molecule force such as Van der Waals force. In this study, to remove the fine particles, a cleaning device equipped with a special air nozzle was developed. The nozzle had triangular cavities and added strong high-frequency pressure fluctuation to high-speed airflow. The wall-pressure fluctuation, airflow velocity and particle removal rate were measured using the newly developed cavity nozzle and two types of conventional straight nozzles without cavities for comparison. The measured pressure fluctuations indicated that the cavity nozzle produced the strongest fluctuation of the three nozzles, while the measured average airflow velocities of the three nozzles were almost same. The dependence of the removal rate on nozzle type and injection pressure correlates with that of the wall-pressure fluctuation rather than that of velocity turbulence. This means that the pressure fluctuation enhances particle removal.

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   A conditional sampling stereoscopic-PIV has been developed for the flow field measurement around a rotating and revolving cylinder. Four Fiber sensors are used to detect the location and the orientation of the rotating and revolving cylinder and to activate the stereoscopic-PIV system. The flow characteristics around a rotating and revolving cylinder in an internal swirling flow generated by tangential suction jet in a vertical pipe with a length of 600mm are investigated by the use of the conditional sampling. The radial distribution of the azimuthal velocity component around a rotating and revolving cylinder has peak at inner position from the vertical pipe wall in the upper, middle and lower vertical positions. The difference of the radial peak position depending on the vertical position and the flow velocity are discussed.

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   Contact lens has much convenience unlike glasses lens. Therefore, it has been used a lot so far after the safety of the contact lens was secured. Recently, since the quality of vision (QOV) of glasses attracted the people wearing glasses, the wave-front aberration measurement of glasses was necessary. This report describes the wave-front measurement in soft contact lenses by point diffraction interferometer (PDI). In the experiment, we measured the wave-front of soft contact lens for the 4 companies. As a result, even if it was the same lens diopter, the wave-front was different by the difference in the water content and the shape for soft contact lens of each company.

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