Several life cycle assessments of light sources have been conducted during last two decades. This article compares their methods and results, and identifies the challenges. Light-emitting diode (LED) is considered as an environmentally friendly solution for lighting. The LEDs have the potential to be the most environmentally friendly light sources not least because of their increasing luminous efficacy and long lifetime. However, there are neither detailed data nor a profound life cycle assessment of a range of LED lighting products to undisputedly prove their environmental performance. Currently, the total life cycle environmental impacts of LED light sources are not known due to uncertainties and lack of peer-reviewed assessments.
We are developing sound communication system. Modulated LED light is transformed to electromagnetic wave and received by AM radio. Our previous modulation technique has small peaks at AM frequency region. The small peaks cause trouble when multiple sound sources are used with different AM frequencies. We propose new modulation techniques having no small peaks. Power spectrum and sound quality are compared between our modulation techniques.
Light-emitting europium-doped tantalum-oxide thin films were prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. Red photoluminescence was obtained from the films after annealing by ultraviolet-laser excitation. Four peaks having wavelengths of around 600, 620, 650, and 700 nm were observed from films annealed at 600 to 900°C. The strongest intensity of the most remarkable 620-nm peak was obtained from the film annealed at 700°C for 20 min.