Since the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, seismic isolation bearings for bridges have become widely used, and there is no doubt that they have higher seismic performance than conventional steel bearings. On the other hand, the fact that some seismic isolation bearings ruptured or failed in recent earthquakes should be recognized as an inconvenient truth. After the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, we regret our lack of understanding of the seismic behavior of full-scale structures well, and the world’s largest three-dimensional shake table, E-Defense, was installed. Recently, we recognized our lack of understanding of full-scale seismic isolation bearings well, E-Isolation was developed as a large dynamic loading machine with a high-precision load measurement mechanism. The accumulation of high-quality data on full-scale seismic isolation bearings using E-Isolation has begun to restore their reliability.

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Wooden houses were severely damaged in the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake. More than 90% of the approximately 6,400 fatalities were killed by wooden houses collapsed or were trapped under collapsed buildings and could not be evacuated. Ultimately, most of the victims lost their lives as a result of collapsed wooden houses. Since then, casualties due to collapsed wooden houses have repeatedly occurred after extremely large earthquakes, such as the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake, the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, and the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake. This paper outlines the causes of the continuing damage and the safety of newly constructed houses in relation to building standard laws and regulations. In addition, seismic research for wooden construction has recently shifted from low-rise housing to large-scale and high-rise buildings. A brief overview of this research is also explained.

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Surface soil thickness is important for assessing slope failure hazards and estimating debris flow impacts. Here, we study the estimation of surface soil thickness using multivariate analyses considering a combination of various data types. Two patterns corresponding to the objective and explanatory variables were used for multivariate analyses to evaluate which combination best estimated surface soil thickness. Moreover, because the data included a significant amount of shallow surface soil thickness, we also assessed the estimation restricting the amount of these data. As a result, the grid size did not affect the estimation accuracy, and the estimated values tended to be smaller than the measured values at sites with thick soils for all patterns. Using the exposed rock and surveyed soil thicknesses improved the accuracy of the estimation, and restricting the number of shallow surface soil thicknesses improved the accuracy of the soil thickness estimation. Thus, these parameters were concluded to be useful for improving the accuracy of the surface soil thickness estimation using multivariate analysis.

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This study examines how learners' developmental stages influence the sustainability of disaster risk reduction education and its spillover effects on their households. We conducted a questionnaire survey to assess students' awareness of disaster preparedness before, after, and one month after lessons in coastal and inland urban areas in Shizuoka Prefecture. The results demonstrated that, in both coastal and inland urban areas, junior high school students tended to sustain the increased awareness of disaster prevention raised by the classes more than elementary school students, and junior high school students were more likely to discuss disaster prevention with their families and take disaster reduction actions at home. These results suggest that students at higher developmental stages maintained their awareness of disaster preparedness by relating the class content to themselves in-depth, increasing their self-efficacy for disaster reduction, and taking necessary disaster reduction actions at home.

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To elucidate the lost place identity using the memories told by the victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster, we conducted the following analysis. 1) Through text mining, we were able to extract characteristic keywords contained in the testimonies of residents recorded in each district. 2) Correspondence analysis using the selected keywords showing characteristics of community could classify four categories of communities such as urban, town, town + fishing, and fishing village. 3) By performing kernel density estimation on the distribution of location information of residents' testimonies, we were able to efficiently extract areas where testimonies in each district were concentrated.

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This study examined the willingness to implement cooperation and the needs for wide-area support based on preliminary discussions and post-questionnaire surveys aimed at responding to wind and flood damage through cooperation among basic local governments. The results of the discussions and post-questionnaire showed a favorable attitude toward the implementation of regional cooperation in windstorm and flood disaster response. On the other hand, interviews with basic municipalities that have already formulated wide-area evacuation plans revealed that neither the supporting nor the receiving municipalities had conducted studies based on damage assumptions, and that there was no information covering a wide-area area that could be used as background for decision-making. This indicates that the organization of wide-area information may have an impact on the specificity of cooperation. In addition, as a requirement for information to be shared across organizations, the need for more diverse viewpoints related to evacuation, such as consideration of vertical evacuation and evacuees outside of evacuation centers, was indicated.

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In response to the lessons learned from the earthquake’s impact on condominiums, Sendai City has started the “Mori-no-Miyako Certification standards” with the aim of improving the disaster resilience of condominiums for sale. This study analyzed the disaster risk reduction ability of the certified condominiums using both average values and variance, by conducting a comparative analysis from three perspectives: building structure type, activities organized, and community association formation. Then, the three viewpoints were classified into eight categories based on the number of cases, and each was comparatively analyzed. Results show that the highest disaster risk reduction ability in the case with seismic isolation building structure type, activities organized, and community associations formed. Furthermore, the study revealed the current characteristics of disaster prevention ability of certified condominiums by cluster analysis.

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Based on the lessons learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake regarding the operation of designated sheltering facilities, the City of Sendai launched the system Local Sheltering Facilities (a.k.a. “Gambaru Hinanshisetsu”). The condominiums of “Gambaru Hinanshisetsu” could be a role model for residents' voluntary sheltering facilities that can cooperate with the local community, however a sample survey of previous studies revealed that while residents are engaged in proactive disaster risk reduction activities, there are issues in building function with disaster risk reduction. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of disaster risk reduction of 25 all condominiums of “Gambaru Hinanshisetsu” when “Mori-no- Miyako Certification standards” are applied to them. The results of the survey revealed the levels of building function with disaster risk reduction including the existence of some condominiums with old earthquake resistant standard in addition to those in the previous studies. It also became clear that although the community-wide disaster risk reduction activities are well-developed, the disaster risk reduction activities within condominiums are not. Also, the characteristics of Resilience with disaster risk reduction were clarified from various perspectives. Based on the above, we propose that it is essential for the architecture administration and the disaster risk reduction administration to cooperate with each other in order to realize both the development of high-quality building stock and proactive disaster risk reduction activities, including cooperation with the local community, as a universal approach to condominiums of disaster risk reduction that is not limited to Sendai City alone.

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The SIP4D, which was developed through the 1st and 2nd phases of the Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP), and its browser, the ISUT-SITE, have been implemented in society as a system that provides Common Operational Picture (COP) during disasters. However, it is mainly used in places where communication environments are well established, such as disaster response headquarters. On the other hand, it is known that it has not been used at the front line of disaster response. In this paper, we summarize the issues of SIP4D and ISUT-SITE based on interview surveys for field response agencies that were active on the front lines for the Noto Peninsula Earthquake in 2024. Based on the results, and by comparing them with the configuration overview of information systems in the defense field, we showed that a system for sharing information quickly and in detail is needed on the front lines of disaster response.

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This report focuses on the road damage caused by the earthquake that occurred in the Noto region of Ishikawa Prefecture on January 1, 2024. Looking at the causes of damage by route, the main cause of damage for Noto Satoyama kaido and Noetsu Expressway was road damage due to embankment collapse. On the other hand, along National Route 249 and Prefectural Route 38, which run along the coast, there were many spots where slope failure was a contributing factor. The average maximum inclination angle at points where slope failure was the cause was approximately 32.6 degrees, while at points with road surface damage there was a difference of approximately 18.5 degrees. Furthermore, regarding the difference in elevation between the center of the road and the road shoulder, the site of the slope failure is estimated to be on a slope approximately 20m higher than the center of the road, while the road surface damage is estimated to be in the shape of an embankment of approximately 10m. As a result of attempting to interpret the stream topography using contour line interpretation, it became clear that all of the points were those related to stream topography or convex parts of the contour lines.

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On January 1, 2024, a magnitude 7.6 earthquake occurred in the Noto region of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. The earthquake caused extensive damage, including more than 280 fatalities. In addition, roads were cut off in many parts of the affected area, which had a significant impact on power outages and relief efforts for the affected peoples. The authors conducted a literature review using the limited data available at this time to understand the characteristics of the power outage caused by the Noto Peninsula earthquake and its impact on disaster-related deaths and corporate production activities.

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The Noto Peninsula Earthquake that occurred on January 1, 2024, caused significant time delays in assessing the damage. In this study, we attempted to understand the road traffic situation before and after the Noto Peninsula earthquake using smartphone probe data provided by TomTom. This probe data is highly real-time information that can be obtained within one minute after the event. As a result, it is clear that the probe data can be used over a wide area, including the entire Noto Peninsula, before and after the earthquake, and is useful for the design of future disaster risk monitoring systems and for detailed analysis of traffic conditions during the Noto Peninsula earthquake.

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This report summarizes the results of an analysis of publicly available strong-motion data from the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake using amplitude characteristic charts that focus on changes in the amplitude and period of horizontal acceleration. The charts show the characteristics of shaking in the vicinity of the epicenter and on the plains of Ishikawa, Toyama and Niigata, which are far from the epicenter. In the lowlands near the epicentral area, the waveforms have become longer-period during the vibration, confirming that the shear stiffness of the surface soil decreased. In other areas, it is noted that many of the waveforms have the characteristics of liquefaction of the ground, which become long-periodic and continue for a certain length of time. Although only a small portion of the earthquake affected area was confirmed in the field due to the large area spread in several prefectures, the proposed chart method is useful to evaluate liquefaction occurrence quickly by analyzing the waveforms.

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When a disaster occurs, the affected municipalities accept support staff to carry out operations. To minimize the need for instructions from the staff of the affected municipalities and efficiently utilize the support staff, operational delegation has been proposed as a countermeasure. However, practical examples have not been confirmed. Therefore, this study examined the process of delegating authority to the counterpart support organizations, to which the support staff belonged, during the building damage assessment in Wajima City following the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake, and considered six key points for facilitating authority delegation. Furthermore, it was shown that authority can be delegated for tasks beyond supervisory responsibilities, with the argument that the scope of delegation should be carefully considered depending on the nature of the tasks.

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Site amplifications in affected areas in Wajima city and Uchinada town are evaluated to contribute to the investigation of the disaster mechanism during the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake. In the downtown area of Wajima, the ground consists of about 25 m of soft soil. The ground may have amplified the earthquake ground motions. Since the observation records indicate a non-linear response of the soil ground, a more detailed analysis is required. In Uchinada town, aftershock observations were carried out at the location where lateral flow occurred. It was found that the site amplifications were different from those of the surrounding seismic stations.

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In the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake, lifeline systems suffered significant damage and the restoration process took extremely long time, resulting in hindering daily lives, industries, economic activities, emergency response and recovery works in disaster-stricken areas. In this report, focusing on electric power supply and water supply systems, we compare population exposure to seismic intensity, the damage and restoration of lifeline systems and number of evacuees in Noto Peninsula earthquake with five major earthquake disasters in Japan. Selected earthquakes are two great earthquake disasters of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake and the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake, and three recent major earthquakes of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, the 2018 Northern Osaka Prefecture earthquake and the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake.

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The Noto Peninsula Earthquake of 2024 caused damage to many buildings throughout the Noto Peninsula. Immediately after the earthquake, an all-inclusive survey working group led by the Disaster Liaison Committee of the Hokuriku Branch of the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) was organized to conduct an all-inclusive survey of the damage to buildings by visual inspection, with the cooperation of the Wood Structure Committee of the AIJ under its direction. This report summarizes the results of this all-inclusive survey.

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This study analyses the discourse on X (formerly Twitter) regarding disaster volunteerism in the early stages of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake. It aims to clarify volunteer-related discourse in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, compare it with past disasters, and identify differences in discourse within and outside the affected area. The analysis revealed that the words that cooccurred with ‘volunteers’ were ‘nuisance’, ‘traffic jam’, ‘road’, ‘donation’, and ‘information’. Compared to the contributions during the heavy rain disaster of July 2020, the positive evaluations of volunteers were significantly lower for the Noto Peninsula earthquake. This was attributed to fewer reports on volunteer activities and related efforts in the field. While contributions from within the disaster area were positive, reflecting a sense of gratitude, those from outside the disaster area were negative, with many expressing reluctance to participate directly in support efforts. These discourses may have developed independently of survivors and volunteers.

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This report describes the results of a survey conducted on the damage to day-care facilities caused by the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake and the status of continuation of day-care services. Interviews were conducted with nursery schools, kindergartens, and certified childcare centers that were affected by the disaster, as well as with the local government divisions in charge of childcare. After the disaster, childcare facilities were required to resume and continue childcare, provide psychological care for children and their parents, and prepare for full-scale restoration. As for the method of resumption of childcare centers, many childcare facilities resumed childcare services in stages with shortened hours due to delays in securing manpower for caregivers and infrastructure development. It was also confirmed that there were several childcare centers that served as voluntary evacuation centers.

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The 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake caused various earthquake damages to water-supply pipelines. This paper reports the results of our field survey of earthquake damage to water pipe bridges. The damage to the water pipe bridges was caused by the displacement of the ground behind the abutments or between the abutments during the earthquake, but not by the inertia force of pipes. Damage modes of the abutments can be classified into settlement of the ground behind the abutments, tilt of the abutments, and horizontal movement of the abutments. The abutment displacement caused various damages to the pipelines of the water pipe bridges.

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An earthquake with M7.6 occured on 1st January 2024, at 16:10 JST at the northeastern tip of the Noto Peninsula of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. This earthquake caused tsunami, and many tsunamis were reported. This report shows the investigation results on tsunami damages in Joetsu, Niigata Prefecture. The tsunami generated by the earthquake reached at the Seki river mouth around 16:35, and the peak water level of T.P 1.94 m was measured. The inundation due to tsunami occurred on the right bank near the Seki river mouth. A run-up height of about 5.5 m was estimated at Ogata fishery harbor, and some huts had damages in the harbor. In Ogata coast, run-up heights around 5 to 7 m were estimated.

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An Mj7.6 (Mw7.5) earthquake occurred at 16:10 on January 1, 2024 at a depth of approximately 15 km in the Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa Prefecture. Many slope failures occurred mainly in the epicenter area on the north coast of the Noto Peninsula. Dammed lakes were formed due to a landslide in Sarutani, a tributary of the Kawarada River at Ichinose-machi in Wajima City. This landslide has a total length of approximately 1.1 km and can be divided into at least seven areas through detailed geomorphological observation. The topographic features indicate that multiple landslides were connected to form a single landslide topography. The landslide deposits consist of tuffaceous silt, sandstone, conglomerate from the Nawamata Formation (Nw) with only small amount from the Konosuyama Formation (Ko). Past landslide deposits can also be observed on the landslide scarps, and examination of these deposits may help to clarify landslide history.

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This study considered the dynamic effects of the strong motion observed during the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake had on structural response. In consideration, the cumulative energy input that obtained from the equation of energy equilibrium of the single-degree-of-freedom system was calculated. And, the time variation of the velocity response was analyzed based on energy input. Next, the cumulative energy input spectrum and the energy input rate spectrum were used to compare the effects of increasing and decrease the velocity response for every period. Furthermore, the temporal characteristics from the variation of the cumulative energy input by periodic band was considered.

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This study clarifies the actual situation of data linkage in municipalities during disaster response, based on the case of Wajima City, Ishikawa Prefecture, during the Noto Peninsula Earthquake of 2024. GIS was utilized as the information infrastructure for data processing and visualization. External support groups and the affected municipality utilized a common infrastructure, enabling not only efficient on-site collection of information and simple tabulation, but also the creation of analytical data. As a result, it was suggested that information necessary for operations could be substituted by other information. The created data was compiled and utilized according to the purpose of sharing, decision making, and progress management.

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In the Muro district of Uchinada Town, which suffered significant liquefaction damage during the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake, an on-site investigation was conducted to understand the damage situation as part of a basic study aimed at elucidating the mechanism of liquefaction damage. Furthermore, past topographical maps and geological survey results were collected to comprehend the history of reclamation by drainage and the composition of the ground in the Muro district. As a result, it was confirmed that the residential areas on the reclaimed land side of the Muro district, which experienced notable liquefaction damage, are composed of dune layers and landfill layers resulting from reclamation by drainage.

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In the Muro district of Uchinada Town, which suffered significant liquefaction damage during the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake, PDC (Piezodrive Cone) surveys and EM (Electromagnetic) explorations were conducted as part of a fundamental study aimed at elucidating the mechanism of liquefaction damage. These investigations sought to understand the detailed ground conditions and create geological cross-sections. Surface wave surveys were also performed to assess the looseness of the surface layer based on the conductivity distribution, and these results were compared with the actual liquefaction damage to confirm consistency.

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Although many surveys and studies have been conducted on residents in the affected areas when earthquakes occur, the actual situation of people who encounter disasters in places where they are not usually present has not been understood. The Noto Peninsula earthquake that occurred on January 1, 2024, was an example in which many people who are not usually present, such as people returning home or traveling, encountered the earthquake because it occurred on New Year’s Day. In order to clarify the response behavior of people who are not usually present in real disasters, this report clarifies the response behavior of 966 people who were returning home or traveling in Ishikawa, Toyama, and Niigata prefectures at the time of the earthquake, and collects and provides actual data on the response behavior and characteristics of people who are not usually present.

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This paper focuses on the 1.5 shelters (mid-term shelters) established as temporary accommodation facilities for wide-area secondary evacuation during the Noto Peninsula Earthquake in January 2024. After an overview of the managing body, support provided, management methods, and changes in the number of residents, we report on two operational issues, namely, the management of evacuation centers by the prefectural government and the sharing of care-related information, to provide insight into the management of shelters in future disasters.

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Regarding the source of the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake, the source has been estimated through inversion based on tsunami waveforms and crustal deformations of GPS-based control stations. However, these sources vary in size, and the reproducibility is uncertain. Therefore, in this study, we considered the observation records of Hokuriku Electric Power Company and the survey result of various institutions after the earthquake as new constraints. As a result of considering the source to be consistent with the observation records, a source was estimated with a maximum fit of approximately 70% to the time history waveform.

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This research investigated tsunami evacuation in the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake. Many researchers shed light on the tsunami evacuation to save lives, and the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake was a case in which people were affected by the severe tsunami. Therefore, we conducted survey research on the residents at Ishikawa Prefecture to identify the actual condition of the tsunami evacuation and how disaster information promoted tsunami evacuation. Our team and the Kanazawa branch of Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) collected data from the residents and obtained 285 (male: 107, female: 140, unknown: 11) responses. As a result, nearly 60% of all respondents evacuated from the tsunami, regardless of whether they lived in hazardous zones on the hazard map. Additionally, many of them evacuated with their families. Regarding disaster information, we extracted three categories of residents based on the information that influenced their evacuation: “depending on others”, “depending on direct information and media”, and “depending on direct information and internal knowledge”. Implications for future disaster risk reduction are discussed.

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This paper reports the results of investigations into the post-earthquake fire that occurred near Asaichi-dori, Kawai-cho, Wajima City, in the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake. The survey revealed that 249 buildings were totally burned down and 7 partially burned down, with an estimated fire spread area of about 52,000 m². In particular, we conducted a field survey focusing on the buildings in this fire by creating a database of burned and unburned buildings, and collected information from public agencies. And, we further extracted the situations for the fire to stop burning. As a result, various conditions to prevent the spread of fire were obtained in six different patterns of burnt-out areas.

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