The purpose of this study was to construct the database of articles on outdoor pursuits in Japan and to analyze those trends. The main items of the database which was developed as Resources of Outdoor Pursuits (ROP) were as follows: Auther, Title, Name of journal or publisher, Year, Page capacity, Abstract. 2, 746 of registered 3, 258 articles were examined for trend analyses, and the followings were found.
1) 47% of all articles were on skiing, 17% on mountaineering, and 14% on camping.
2) On applied field, about 50% studies were related to methodology or physiology.
3) On applied field in articles of camping, 36% were related to psychology and 42% to methodology. And about 80% of all articles on mountaineering were related to physiology and sports medicine, and nearly 70% on skiing to biomechanics, physiology and methodology.
4) From analyses of key words, the main theme on camping was about human resources, and the number of words related to environmental education tended to increase in 1990's. On mountaineering, common key words in each decades were about high altitude mountaineering, but there were few words related to aged mountaineers. On skiing, the numbers of key words of cross-country skiing and light touring skis had tended to increase since 1980's.

View full abstract

The purpose of the present study was to examine cognitive structures of camp counselors in an organized camp situation. Thirty counselors (23 males and 7 females) served as subjects. The subjects were asked to classify forty camp situations into five to nine categories according to similarity judgments. Their judgments of situations were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis. Sixteen situations were then selected from the previous forty situations for further analysis. Cognitive dimensions and dimensional weights of these sixteen situations were investigated. Subjects for this analysis were one hundred camp counselors (53 males and 47 females). They were asked to rate the sixteen situations on aseven-point bipolar twelve item scale. Cognitive dimensions and dimensional weights were obtained using the Individual Differences Multidimensional Scaling (INDSCAL) model.
The major findings were as follows:
1.The forty camp situations from the cluster analysis fell into four clusters: (1) problem behavior of campers, (2) difficulties of nature, (3) camp teaching techniques and (4) affect.
2.The cognitive dimensions were interpreted as (1) empathy, (2) involvement and (3) dynamism.
3.There were some sex differences. Relative comparisons of the three dimensional weights within sexes showed that the males gave the same weights to all three dimensions, while the females gave greater weights to empathy and involvement. Between sexes the females gave greater weights than the males to the dimensions of empathy and involvement, while the males gave greater weight than the females to dynamism.

View full abstract