This studyexaminedcampcounselors' perceptions of campers' personalities within the group inorganized camping.Specifically, how do camp counselors perceive campers when they observe them during camp activities and what kind of factors influence the counselors' perceptions. The effects of counselors' gender, the extent of campers' problem behavior, and four camp situations were examined. Twenty-four camp counselors, 10 males and 14 females, rated, in rank order, the ten campers in their group according to their perceived behaviorproblems. Sixcampers were selected, numbers 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, and 10. Then, each of the campers was rated on a 24-item scale as related to participation personality in four camp situations-at the end of first day, group initiatives, backpacking, and after breaking the tent on the final day. A factor analysis with oblique rotation was performed on the ratings to obtain perception dimensions. The results showed six perception dimensions: cheerfulness, familiarity, neatness, self-confidence, positive, and emotional stability. There was higher correlation between emotional stability, neatness and campers' problem score than the other dimensions. With regard to the differences ofgender, female counselors recognized campers' personality more positive than male counselors. And, there was no difference in the effect of the four situations on counselors' perceptions.

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The purpose of this study was toclarify the constituent characteristics of IKIRU CHIKARA (Zest for Living). The concrete and characteristic words indicating IKIRU CHIKARA (Zest for Living) were collected by the school-educators and outdoor-educators (n=211). The number of the concrete and characteristic words were 1708 items. A hundred ten words were carefullyselected out of these words. A certain boy or girl (10-15 years old) was rated by other schooleducators and outdoor-educators (n=350) using each of these words. The boys and girls were classified into 4 categories: (1) boys who have good zest for living; (2) girls who have good zest for living; (3) boys who have poor zest for living; (4) girls who have poor zest for living. As a result of examining item discrimination and validity, 11 words were eliminated and 99 words remained. These 99 words were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis.
The major findings were as follows:
1. IKIRU CHIKARA (Zest for Living) was constituted of psychological and social ability, moral ability and physical ability.
2. These abilities were constituted of sub-characteristics; (1) psychological and social ability was constituted of psychological energy, social skill and judgment; (2) moral ability was constituted of self-control and emotion (3) physical ability was constituted active behavior and physical endurance.

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