The comparison and the determination of merits and demerits of routes based on the perspective view of topographical details is not an easy task. In this study, a traffic simulation utilizing three-dimensional digital information used in the design of a comparatively selected route is proposed. Before, huge funding and longer time were needed in order to create a traffic simulation. However, by the addition of wire-frame automatic generating function into the 3-D CAD systems used in the road design being sold in the market, the time needed for the modelling procedure is greatly reduced. Hence, by this, the application of traffic simulation using this new method of evaluating route-selection proved to be easier.

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A new estimation method that integrated a neural network model into the Kalman filter was developed. Both the state and the observation equations in the Kalman filter were described by a multilayer neural network model. This method made it possible to represent nonlinear and unsteady problems mathematically, which were so far almost impossible to formulate analytically. The method was applied to the prediction of slipperiness of road surface in winter. In this paper, it was discussed how both the equations of the Kalman filter were expressed by a neural network model and how effective the new method was in predicting the skid number of road surface in winter.

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A hybrid-type traffic simulation model, which originated from the DYNEMO model for a freeway, was developed and applied to a freeway road section and an urban road network. By modifying the original model, the model represented the propagation of congestion and the elongation of queue length on a freeway. By integrating the movements of stop and go at intersections into the original model, the simulation model reconstructed the vehicular platoon on an urban network. Also, some model parameters were identified using an optimization to without directly measuring traffic flows. This also served to improve the simulation precision.

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To estimate parameters in a traffic accident reconstruction model, an analytical method was proposed. A twodimensional car-to-car impact model combined with a tire model and two-wheel equivalence model was developed for reconstructing traffic accidents. Normal and tangential restitution coefficients in an impact model, as well as the friction coefficient, slip ratio and steering angle of a tire model were adopted as unknown model parameters. The parameters were estimated so as to minimize the difference between the calculated and observed rest positions of vehicles. For evaluating the effect of tire model in reconstructing traffic accidents, three tire models were compared; Sakai's tire model, modified Sakai's tire model and Gim's tire model. After the validity of the estimation method was investigated for an artificial accident, the method was applied to two actual traffic accidents and the model parameters were evaluated. A computer animation system that works on the Windows system was also developed.

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FWD is one of the nondestructive test equipment commonly used for evaluating pavement structural adequacy, and it is usually combined with some backcalculation method of pavement layer moduli. The calculated moduli are affected by the type of the analyzing model as well as the accuracy of the measurement.
This paper places an emphasis on determining the optimal position of each deflection sensor of FWD. The simulation was performed using Genetic Algorithms that is a powerful method for obtaining the optimal value among the huge number of combinations. It is found that determination of measuring positions of pavement deflections affects the estimated layer moduli significantly, and a careful selection of adequate measuring positions from the loading point is strongly recommended.

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FWD is one of the nondestructive test equipment used for evaluation of pavement structural adequacy, which is usually aided by some backcalculation method of pavement layer moduli. Application of the genetic algorithms (GA) to the backcalculation of pavement layer moduli is discussed in this paper. GA is a relatively new optimization technique and is based on the process of natural selection, peculiar to the evolution of creatures.
It is found that layer moduli of pavement structure can be estimated properly by the backcalculation technique based on GA, and the obtained solutions are more stable than those of the conventional backcalculation methods. Finally, the new backcalculation technique based on GA is applied to the deflection basins measured by FWD in an actual pavement in situ, showing that it gives more reasonable solutions than those by the conventional techniques.

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In this paper, We present system written in dialogue that even an ordinary person can measure economic impacts which are derived from public investment. The features of this new system are following two respects: In the first place, Everybody can measure economic impacts by interregional input-output analysis which could not analysis in any prefectures so far. And then, can measure it automatically as long as set total cost by habing database of input component ratio for public investment. Everybody can measure economic impacts by using this system in short time, and besides, can measure it minutely.

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For the steel bridge fabricators, it becomes one of the most important task to omit the process of shop assembly in simple type bridges, such as plate/box girger bridges, providing to maintain the quality of fabrication despite saving the man-hour. The authors have developed a new system that simulated the shop assembly in the process of fabrication, and which contained the system measuring the 3-dimesional configuration of bridge members. In this paper, the simulation technique based on the optimization one is verified to be appropriate, and the simulation system is proved to be reliable and practicable enough through comparison between the simulation results and the actual results measured in case of shop assembly and construction.

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In this paper, we describe a geometric model of press-in-type small-diameter tunneling machine. We analyze the model mechanically from the viewpoint of a prediction accuracy of horizontal position under the existence of external disturbance, such as number of conduit laid underground and a parameter of soil mechanics. Analytical results show that the most of the model parameters are capable to be determined as known constant value in advance except one parameter related to a reaction of the pilot-head movement. We provide a horizontal position prediction technique by a sequential estimation of the reaction parameter of the pilot-head movement. Predicted position by this method applied to an actual construction data are in good agreement with the real horizontal position.

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This paper describes a pipe shape reconstruction technique directly from impulse response of an acoustic reflection dynamics. Proposed algorithm is aimed to detect a fault of telecommunication conduit by an abnormal changes of cross sectional area. Example of pipe shape reconstruction is given, for a numerical simulation. We also show the results of field trial by our prototype acoustic inspection system for a telecommunication conduit damaged by the earthquake.

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Computer graphics animation systems provide the ability to integrate on-site engineers' expertise into design systems as well as construction management processes. Computer graphics animation improves coordination and communication among engineering, construction and client organizations. The expedited communication leads to a substantial improvement of quality and productivity in the AEC industry. Computer graphics animation makes it possible to move through the design objects and view the proposed facility interactively in virtual environment. In this way, all participants can work as a team beyond their specific interests. A collaborative work environment is created.
The paper introduces the application of computer graphics animation as a tool for the construction management in terms of computer integrated construction, evaluates the role and proposes recommendations for the application. In order to verify the effectiveness of the application, case studies were performed in a dam construction, an urban redevelopment project in Osaka, and a highway reconstruction project in Kobe.

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The concept of ODE and the corresponding system were presented in 1991. The new concept of NODE were generated in order to make wide area collaboration since the network technologies produced by Internet propagation were applied to the past system. In this paper, the concept of NODE is explained, and the design technique and the merit of the system are reported, which are adopted in the actural project of bridge basic design as a case study of the bridge environmental design.

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The URL (Uniformed Resource Locator) and HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) are able to make usage of resources on WWW. The development of VRML which is capable of simulating 3 dimensional space leads to the networked collaboration in civil and architectural fields in the distributed environment. In this paper, the seamless system environment which is developed on WWW in the base of the bridge database established by using VRML is reported. The applicability of the design system is made clear through a case study of the bridge environmental design.

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This study is concerned with the presentation of the historical civil structures by the multimedia methods.So, three different methods are examined.Theseare the image database, the CD-ROM product and the World Wide Web.The image database enables to retrieve the cultural assets in Nagasaki city by classification items and maps.The CDROM product is use to comment on the civil structures.The CD-ROM title is “A plan of civil structures open museum at Nagasaki city”.The World Wide Web introduces historical civil structures in Nagasaki city.We confirm effectiveness of presentation for several historical civil structures by the multimedia technology.

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Objective of this study is to prevent a disaster of the snow avalanche which has an increasing tendency every year in the certain skiing ground periphery. The time and a place of snow avalanche occurrence need to be estimated, to enforce refuge advice to a skier. An observation system was developed by utilizing fuzzy reasoning that a weather condition and the lay of the land condition are used in this study. Furthermore, the destination of snow avalanche was predicted for refuge advice. Analysis of snow avalanche motion on 3 dimensional lay of the lands was proposed by using Perla's model and was incorporated into the observation system. The possibility of the estimation to the risk of snow avalanche was able to be shown.

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Automatic Learnig System utilizing GMDH is presented in this paper. GMDH has been used for approximation of data structure and prediction so far. On the other hand, the ability which makes the logical arithmetic calculation, learns the data pattern and reserves knowledge is recently taken noticed. This paper explains about the datails, features of GMDH and shows the actual procedure of calculation by solving the XOR as representative example. Finally, efficiency of the method is shown by applying this method to practical civil engineering problems. And the data structure of these examples is analysed

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This paper presents the object-oriented approach to the earthquake engineering. A variety of computer programs has been developed in order to analyze complicated structures. As a number of functions in their programs, it becomes difficult to manage them. The fundamental problem lies in the fact that they are designed in a computer-oriented manner which is totally different from our intuition. Therefore the objectoriented approach is efficient to overcome the above mentioned problems. In this study, the three-module model for the structural analysis system is proposed. The system is characterized by the structure, load and analysis modulues passing messages each other. This model is more flexible and more useful than the conventionally used structure-based model for the earthquake response analysis problem as well as the structure analysis problem.

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In recent years, attention is brought to the problem of groundwater and soil pollution. This raised the need for tools and models for estimating and reproducing the progress of pollutants flow into the groundwater and soil. To meet this need, this study proposes a dispersion model which takes the effects of seepage and stress into considerations. A FORTRAN program representing this model is then written and coupled with a Geographical Information System (GIS) for handling data storage, retrieval, and display of analysis results. The developed system is then applied for analyzing groundwater pollution problem in Nagoya city for which a spatial soil database is available.

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For making the land cover classification map with a high accuracy, the practical classification algorithm integrating the optical sensor data and the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data was proposed. Through the nPDF algorithm proposed by H.Cetin in 1990, “the nPDFs feature” adding SAR data was newly defined as a spatial information. This paper discusses whether the maximum likelihood classification accuracy is improved or not in combination with the spatial information and the nPDFs features. Five cases were executed as follows: 1) Only using HRV data (spectral information), 2) Only using SAR data, 3) Combined SAR data with HRV data, 4) Combined the former nPDF features with HRV data, 5) Combined the proposed nPDFs features with HRV and SAR data. As the results, in case of adding the nPDFs features (Case-5), the best classification accuracy was confirmed, especially in the residential and the Bare soil area. Furthermore, based on this result, the practical system for making the land cover classification map with excellent userinterface was designed and developed.

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Above mentioned research has been taken as a part of the project titled “Development of the Database System on the Global Environment Data” promoted by the Science and Technology Agency. This research discusses as the construction method of database system and the information provision technique from the viewpoint of effective usage of construction information by using internet. This paper describes the possibility of these information open to the public and the verification results of this system operation, and also describes some considerations that how to correspond to the computer technologies and the network technologies in a future and how to consistent with local area network in site.

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The introduction of the ISO9000 series for the internationalization and the opening information to the public are requested to the civil engineering works of Japan. The idea of improvement of the quality by sharing information exists in these demands. Therefore, a new examination is needed about the system which preserves the records caused in civil engineering works.
This study proposes the way of practical preservation and the use of the records generated to the civil engineering by the archives system. We made the prototype archives system for the civil engineering planning laboratory in university. Moreover, we were described that the archives system is necessary into The Civil Engineering Museum at JSCE.

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In this study, we consider a function of transportation information in the disaster for heavy snow at Sapporo City area. We investigate a change of transportation act and how to get transportation information in the disaster. In conclusion, people want a precise information which is valuable for a trasnsportation act, not consummatory. And an Open-gate System is valid for the goal.

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Bridge lifecycle has several stages including planning, design, fabrication, erection, service, maintenance, and demolition. In existing bridge database management systems, the information of each stage is not efficiently used in other stages, which results in waste of time and efforts. In this research, a new type of bridge lifecycle database management system is developed to overcome this problem. The system integrates geographic information, design. data, and inspection data in a user-friendly multimedia environment. Several examples are discussed on the efficient usage of the system at each stage of the bridge lifecycle.

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This paper aims at standardizing many data for presenting informations of bus routes; which route is the earliest, cheepest or most comfortable, and proposes the method for standardizing data. Previous works used many bus data, but they are not common among each other, so the standardizing data are necessary for the system of presenting information of bus routes.

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The objective of this study is to design of the data set division and the system development to offer information on the earth observation. According to the purpose of the utilization, various kind of information such as the satellite remote sensing data and geographical information, etc., are dealt with as “the data sets”. To make the general framework of the system, the prototype system for managing the land cover information was developed with the objectoriented analysis and design. Three characteristic system, which is called “Data sets making and management system”, “Data sets reference and displaying system” and “Data sets processing and compilation system”, was defined as the system constitution. As the results, the improvement of the efficiency of the life cycle on the system development and the production of the data sets could be achieved. Furthermore, the significance of applying the object-oriented design was given for the system development to offer information on the earth observation. The proposed instruction of the system design must be a good guide to design and implementation of the system dealt with the other kinds of data sets.

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The objective of this study is to improve the performance in the Highway Facilities Inspection supporting System (HI-FIS), which have been developed by ourselves since 1993, for executing the effective inspection work. As for the feature of this system, various kinds of information related to the maintenance of road are managed in unitary with the distance mark (K.P data) corresponded to the video image. For calculating the K.P data accurately, the GPS (Grobal Positioning System) was applied to the HI-FIS as a new function. The effectiveness applying GPS are as follows: 1) The simplification of operating for highway facilities inspection on board a car was achieved. 2) The video library on the inspection of road facilities could be producted efficiently. 3) Furthermore, the high precision of refering the information on highway facilities was obtained. As a new application of GPS, this study contributed to the development of image database system dealing with video image as well as stationary images for supporting the maintenance and management of road.

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There exists difficulty to analyze the movement of vehicles running within the parking lot, because such movement of vehicles is very complex. In this paper, for the purpose of making traffic flows safe and smooth within the parking lot, the support system for planning of the parking lot is developed. The system can take account of the scale of the parking lot, the area of storage space within the parking lot and the locate of the devices at entrances and exits of parking lot.
This system consists of a micro traffic simulation model which can track the movement of individual vehicles. By combining the road and the parking stall within the parking lot as elementary blocks, it is possible to compose an arbitrary scale and form of parking lot. Experimental results with actual investigated data suggest that the developed system is useful for supporting planning of the parking lot.

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The loading position where the absolute value of bending moment or shearing force is maximum can be obtained by using the influence-line. But the composite stress can't be obtained by using the method because it always has positive value.'Therefore, Japan Specification for Highway Bridges (J.S.H.B) allows to use the simple method. However, it is certain that the result is smaller than quasi-maximum value. It is very important for designers to find the magnitude of difference between design value and quasi-maximum value obtained by using GA. This paper firstly explains about issues of running design method, theoretical background of this calculation method and its concrete procedure. Next, it shows existence of the intermediate loading situation which is larger than the composite stress specified in J.S.H.B by solving a typical problem which expresses a part of rahmen type bridge. Finally, a simple calculation method to obtain the composite stress which is comprised by bending moment and shearing force is presented.

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The objective of this study is to develop the processing and analysis system of the microwave imaging radar (SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar) data for practical use in the construction field. As for the feature of SAR, the observation has been carried out in all weathers and day and night. But there are several problems in case of applying the SAR data to the construction field. For instance, SAR data contains geometric and radiometric distortion, such as the foreshortening, layover and shadow in mountainous areas. This system consists of the five characteristic systems, which is called “Format conversion system”, “Preprocessing system”, “Image analysis system”, “Postprocessing system” and “Image display system”. To evaluate the efficiency of the developed system, the liquefaction potential assessment integrating the SAR data and Geographical Information were executed. It should be confirmed that this system is very useful not only for an examination of the applicability of the SAR data but also for a presentation of the technical problems and requirements from the viewpoints of users in the construction field.

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