The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in cardiopulmonary function and local skeletal muscle oxygenation kinetics during cardiopulmonary exercise testing（CPX）with an ergometer in seven female middle- or long-distance runners (R group) and seven female nonathletes (N group). We set the CPX-end criteria below a certain pedal speed and attached a near-infrared spectroscopy probe on the right vastus lateralis muscle to measure skeletal muscle oxygen saturation. The peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak), peak load, and exercise time were significantly greater in the R group than in the N group. The postexercise reoxygenation time (Tr) was significantly shorter in the R group than in the N group. In addition, a significant negative correlation (r = －0.59) was found between VO₂peak and Tr in 14 participants. In this study, middle- or long-distance runners had a higher cardiopulmonary function and a shorter Tr, reflecting the local skeletal muscle oxygen supply. It was suggested that cardiopulmonary function and oxygen supply of local muscles are related in this exercise mode.

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This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of bench press and pull power and muscle strength, which are closely related to arm swing in female track-and-field sprinters, and to gain an insight into what is required in the development of resistance training programs to improve sprint running ability. Nineteen Japanese collegiate female (8 national-class sprinters and 11 district-class) track-and-field sprinters performed bench press and pull. Muscle strength was determined with the one repetition maximum (1RM) and the power was measured in 5-kg step increases in weight loads using a linear position transducer. Press power was significantly higher in the national-class sprinters than in the district-class sprinters at 10 kg, 15 kg, 20 kg, 30 kg, and 35 kg but not for 25 kg. No significant difference was observed in pull power at any weight loads or 1RM between the groups. There were no significant relationships between 100-meter running time and 1RM of bench press and pull, and pull power (r = 0.452, 0.357, 0.567, p = 0.13, 0.25, 0.06）. However, a significant correlation was observed between 100-m running time and bench press power (r = 0.712, p = 0.01）. These results suggest the important role of upper limb power more than muscular strength in highperformance female sprinters.

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This study aimed to determine the objective factors closely related to specific jump performance of cheer-dance, based subjective assessment (jump performance) of cheer-dance instructors. The subjects were 19 female members (13.6 ± 1.5 years) of S cheerdance club. Their ability of 3 jump performance (split jump：SJ, toe touch jump：TTJ, and switch leap：SL) specific to cheerdance was assessed, and ranked according to subjective evaluation by 3 instructors of cheer-dance. The subjects with higher ability than the median were divided to the superior group, and those with lower ability than the median were divided to the inferior group. SL open leg angle and open leg angular velocity were statistically higher in the superior group. Those of TTJ, though there was no statistical difference, were also higher in the superior group, and effect size was large. SL and TTJ performance require keeping maximum open leg angle longer after maximum jumping, therefore, it was suggested that larger open leg angle and shorter time for maximum open leg were found to be relevant factors to beautiful jumping with longer duration in the air.

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This study aimed to reveal developmental characteristics of physical fitness on the height of female wrestler of an elementary school by using a biological index from the viewpoint of growth and development. A total of 87 female wrestlers in an elementary school were assessed. Measurement items were height, weight, body fat percentage, basic physical fitness assessed by 20-m sprint, standing long jump, side steps, rebound jump (RJ) index and tackle jump peculiar to wrestling. These items, along with the height, were plotted on a logarithmic graph to obtain the allometric equation“ y = bxa”. Index“ a” of the 20-m sprint were 0.805. Index“ a” of standing long jump, side steps, and RJ were 1.492, 1.772 and 1.305 respectively. Index“ a” of tackle jump were 1.547. Considering the transition points, the standing long jump recognized transition point in about 115 cm in height. In case of side steps, RJ index and tackle jump the transition point were 115cm, 131cm and 127cm recognized in height. The basic physical fitness and wrestling ability increased with the growth in height. The main results obtained were as follows. 1. Instantaneous jumping power to forward and change of direction power follow the same developmental process. 2. Tackle continue to develop just before the adolescent peak.

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