China's economic development and the world environment are on a collision course. China's development will double global resource consumption, endangering not only the world environment but also the world economic system. Japan is the world's most energy efficient and cleanest industrial power, while China is one of the world's least efficient and dirtiest industrial powers. Chinese industrial firms produces eight times the greenhouse gas emissions at six times the cost for every $1 of economic output as compared with Japanese firms. Yet, the transfer of Japan's world leading energy-efficient technologies from Japan to China is not a simp le matter. There are at least ten barriers to effective technology transfer, including the valuing of intellectual property, the making of markets, and the actual transfer and eventual transformation of Japan's world-leading technologies in China's institutional, industrial, and organizational environments.

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On the 25^<th> June 2006, the "Revived A-Bomb Tramcars" were retired from daily operation, and one of them was designated as museum pieces in Hiroshima They were built in 1942, and destroyed severely by the A-Bomb on the 6^<th> August 1945. Thanks to devotional work of tramway staff and support party, urgent repairs were done and the first revived tramcar came back to operation in December 1945. Since then, they had done ca 2.6 million km running service per each until June 2006. The "A-Bomb Dome" is well-known as Hiroshima Peace Memorial, which was registered on the World Heritage List in December 1996. It is really a world heritage site of great historical value, as a historical witness to the horror of atomic bombing. The "Revived A-Bomb Tramcars" are not so famous as the "A-Bomb Dome" among the people except in Hiroshima. Nevertheless, both are also Hiroshima's peace monument appealing for the abolition of nuclear weapons and the realization of lasting world peace. Therefore, restoration and conservation of industrial facilities as cultural properties can be a kind of "Business & Technology Transfer" from "industry" sector to "culture" sector.

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The idea that industrial heritages that supported past industries be used as tourism resources and to educate future generations who will support future industries and return benefits to the economy, has been formulated. I'd like to speak about the possibilities of industrial tourism.

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"Gas-Den" the predecessor of Hino Motors Ltd. was founded in 1910. "Gas-Den" is a short of Tokyo Gas Denki (Electric) Industry Co. Ltd. then producing the gas and electric lump instruments. In 1917, Goro. Matsukata then president decided to produce the truck under conducted by Isam Hoshiko who was newly invited by him as the chief engineer of the company. From just after that, Hoshiko developed and produced not only much kind of vehicles but also much kind of aero engines and air planes till to 1937 under the name of the Gas-Den. It is because that Hoshiko foresighted concerning that the automobile company should be produces air plane as the shadow factory at the time of the war more than 20 years before. The company divided and merged, however, as with another companies named as Tokyo Automobile Co. and Hitachi airplane Co., so that success of these technology transfers were not well known generally. In this paper describes the technology transfer from foreign design to own products and from automobile industry to aeronautical industry by Hoshiko's philosophy with some typical products.

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Among Japan's Archimedes screw-pumps was a screw-mill designed for applications unique to Japan, but the small, all-wooden pumps of the Edo period (1650) and the most recent large-scale Archimedes screw-pumps used to process rein-typhoon-water and sewage today are examples of developments based on imported technologies.

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The meaning of new product development in Japan's small and medium-sized manufacturers is discussed from a viewpoint of economic growth. As a result of discussion, it is found that nowadays frequent development will have to be more accelerated, and the targets of development for high added value are going to be changed from helping people with physical works to giving mental satisfaction, and those new business activities will be supported by moderate collaboration".

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Based on the data obtained in the mail survey and in-depth interviews conducted in October 2005, this paper analyzes the nature and characteristics of industrial agglomeration and technological transfer from Japanese firms in the Greater Bangkok region in order to verify empirically the applicability of the Flowchart Approach. In so doing, we take year of Bangkok office establishment as the dependent variables, while attributes of firms and factors affecting agglomeration serve as explanatory variables. The flowchart approach derives these explanatory variables as determinants of locational decision-making by firms: domestic demand, export, and capacity building such as infrastructure, institutions, human resources, and living conditions. We also use the following factors as explanatory variables: inter-firm relationships such as those between anchor firms and related or affiliated firms, and the degree of agglomeration. The most important relationship between variables is the relationship between the year of Bangkok office establishment and firm size.

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Nurturing engineers who have the capability to prevent the serious accidents that can occur in complicated mechanical system is becoming increasingly important for universities. The adoption of a safety education program is as indispensable a part as the engineering ethics education program. This paper proposes that industry-university cooperation is required in order to establish a safety education program at universities. As an example of industry-university cooperation, a trial case at Kyushu University is discussed, in which an experience-oriented educational program, developed for the employees of a company, was applied to the students' safety education. Two experience-oriented education programs are selected: one is "Caught-in-a-roller Experience" with a simulator, and the other is "Combustion and Explosion Experience." The effects and problems of experience-oriented education at universities are shown from the results of the questionnaire.

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One of the most important and effective methods for studying is that students themselves plan and study what they want to study and the process is very important to transfer the sprit of engineers. However, most of the contents of study are presented beforehand for ordinary courses at typical universities, where students are only permitted to select them. Authors wished to create a course that can encourage and support studies of active students who know what they want to study. The authors developed a novel course called "a special course for active students" eight years before. This paper shows the developed framework, the actual management and some examples of activities of the course.

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Peoples in the primeval ages use only tools as labor means. Modern society after some million years from primeval ages has all stages of technology development (tools→machines→automatic machines→automation with computer feed back) simultaneously. Children and young peoples in Japan study subjects of "Living"→"Technology and Living"→"Living" in elementary school→lower secondary school→senior high school. And then 40% of these students go on to college. Japanese young peoples hardly study technology as liberal arts. In this paper, technology transfer to students of economics is introduced. It is found from their impressions that easy experiments and visit of science museum are effective in technology transfer for students of economics

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In Japan, population of 15 years old or younger has been decreasing and interest in science has also been falling. Therefore, a decrease in applicant magnification to technical colleges and lack of scholastic ability become a problem. In addition, a growing demand for regional alliances in higher education institutes from 1990s. In some technical colleges, an education support business to an elementary and junior high school has already been carried out and it became the good motivation for making handmade things. Our college has been interacting with neighbor elementary and junior high schools, and in 2002, established Cooperative Technology Center to promote local interchange and the education support, that cooperated with a local social organization, for elementary and junior high school students. This report introduces the practical examples such support our college has been providing.

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We introduce a rope hummer mill set at the bottom of river and box water mills with two and four buckets. These mills are moved intermittently by small water from a stream without destroying the ecology of nature. Mechanical characters of those mills are different from that of western technology. Appling this characteristic idea to the work for rising water into paddy field, we propose a new equipment moved by weak wind, named wind water wheel, that is modification of western technology with Japanese traditional idea. It contributes effectively to decrease the volume of oil used for rising water into paddy field in Asian area.

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Firms in developing economies should accumulate the capacity to effectively acquire modern technologies to be able to compete globally. This study aiming to identify the factors that contribute to technology acquisition capacity (TAC) emphasizes the need to appropriately conceptualize the capacity and develop indicators to represent the same. It proposes a framework for that purpose. The study identifies variables in a firm's internal & external environments, which are likely to be related to this capacity, and hypotheses several relationships between them. The data collected from 44 medium and large-scale firms in the Indian capital goods sector are used to test the hypotheses. The results of the data analysis show that the variables such as the environmental pressure as perceived by firms, the extent to which firms outsourced technological information and support services, the extent to which firms integrated suppliers into their business, the diversity in firms' functional specialization and their outlook into the future are related to this capacity. Thus the findings of the study suggest that both firm-controlled factors as well as State-controlled factors have a role in determining the TAC.

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The object of this paper is to provide some suggestions about an old Japanese technology and its two transfers. Tataki is an ancient plastering technique in Japan, and it was greatly improved for use in public works by Choshichi Hattori around 1880. From 1910, it was forgotten for a long time. However, it was rediscovered in the 1990's, resulting in two technology transfers. One is creating a new paving technology compatible with sustainability. The other is a transfer from Japan to Cambodia in restoring the temple foundation at Angkor Wat, in a revival of tataki. This paper presents a historical study, using data from recent academic papers and from interviews with the key persons. The results are as follows: (1) The elucidation of tataki's scientific mechanism played a very important role in both technology transfers. (2) Tataki could become a world-wide technology and could become the standard method for restoring heritage structures. (3) The new technology derived from tataki could be accepted from a viewpoint of sustainability.

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The Y-shaped lumbers of the chestnut trees were excavated at the Sakuramachi-Site in Oyabe City, Toyama, Japan in 1997. Part of the present investigation has already been reported in the former surveys. There are a number of un-clarified points regarding use of the Y-shaped lumbers excavated at the Sakuramachi-Site. It is thought that the people of the Jomon period about 4000 years ago used the Y-shaped lumbers to transport heavy items such as giant trees. On the assumption that the Y-shaped lumbers can be used as sledges, the construction model of transportation of the giant trees using the Y-shaped lumbers is proposed in this paper. A 1/5 scale model of the Y-shaped lumbers was made, and the usefulness of the assumption and model for the transportation of giant trees was examined experimentally. As for the result, the usefulness of the hypothesis and model was verified. The positioning of Y-shaped lumbers in the history of tribology is also discussed in this paper. The Y-shaped lumbers of the Sakuramachi-Site were compared with both Shura excavated in Mitsuzuka Tumulus in Fujiidera City, Osaka Prefecture, fifth century Japan, and the sledge relief of murals in Ancient Egypt. It was confirmed that the Y-shaped lumbers of the Sakuramachi-Site are the oldest Shura in the world for the transportation of giant trees or stones under the assumption that the Y-shaped lumbers at the Sakuramachi-Site are Shura.

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In 1873, an engineer of Nishijin carried back the Battant loom to Japan, buying it from Jacquard in Lyon. In 1874 April, the Battant loom was displayed in the Second Kyoto exhibition. In 1875, the Battant loom was produced in the Sennan region. The Battant loom was further developed in the Sennan region, and gave rise to the Taiko loom.

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When British engineer George Stephenson laid a railway between Stockton and Darlington in 1825, he adopted 4 feet and 8.5 inches (1,435mm) as the inner distance between the two rails of the track. It is clear that the value became a world's standard gauge of a railway afterwards. However, few people have interests of its origin. Authors thought that the origin of the standard gauge of the railway might result from an interval of wheel ruts of prehistoric ancient carriages. The authors did fieldwork for a long time to prove this supposition at the ruin of Eurasia, Mediterranean zone and African Continent, also in some museums. In those areas, intervals between wheel ruts which were carved on a street of ancient city were measured, and tread of carriages of traditionally practical use were measured. Moreover, authors investigated some literatures on chariots or wagons excavated from tumulus. As a result, it was proved that a hypothesis of authors' was approximately right.

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It is thought that Reuleaux mechanism models which Kyoto University imported from Germany in 1903 include most of the basic machine mechanisms used by modern machine industries. On the other hand, there were "KARAKURI" like a "tea serving doll" that could make complicated motions in the Japanese Edo era (1596-1868), and also some of them are common to the basic machine mechanisms used by modern machine industry. The machine mechanisms and elements included in the "KARAKURI" will be compiled into a database and compared with Reuleaux models.

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In this paper, wooden coach and wagon manufacture of the Japanese Imperial Government Railway (J.I.G.R.) and technology transfer from the United Kingdom will be described. For the purpose of to explain this object, some examples will be introduced by the author that relation to this theme. The Contents of this paper are as follows. 1) Short history of manufacture of wooden coaches and wagons in Japan. 2) Kobe works of the J.I.G.R. and foreign railway engineers. 3) Manufacture of wooden coaches and wagons. 4) Technology transfer from the United Kingdom and growth of Japanese railway engineers. 5) Conclusions of this paper.

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In this paper, railway construction of the Kyushu Private Railway in Japan and technology transfer from the Germany will be explained. The early stage of Japanese railway construction, many foreign engineers employed, and many of them were Englishmen, for railway construction of Main Island. But, railway construction of Kyushu and Hokkaido Island were different from it. The former introduced German technology, and the latter employed American one. The nationalization of Japanese main private railways as Nippon Railway and Sanyo Railway from 1906 to 1907, these different technologies will be generalized as Japanese own railway technology after establishment of the Railway Agency of Japan (R.A.J.) in 1908. The contents of this paper are as follows. 1) A short history of the Kyushu Private Railway. 2) A foreign railway engineer, Mr. Hellmann Rumschottel. 3) Two examples of imported German technology and industrial heritages. 4) Conclusion of this paper.

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During the Edo period of Japan from early 17^<th> to late 19^<th> century, most institutions of various categories were patrimonial and technology and art were transferred inside specific families from generation to generation. Regarding the art of cannons, artillery and casting, due to long peaceful time until late 18^<th> century, the technology was not used for making cannons, but was used only for casting temple bells, monumental towers, etc. In early 19^<th> century, Choshu-han was the strongest Daimyo, and opened fire to allied foreign fleet in 1863. The Gunjis was a family of specialist in casting and artillery art in Choshu-han. Their history was described as an example of technology transfer inside of the family.

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This paper explains the innovation process of facsimile machines, mostly paying attention to the Japan's experience. Facsimile machines began to diffuse widely within Japan's households in the 1990s as well as business firms, as facsimile machines went down in price and their functions became diverse. This paper refers to the innovation process of facsimile machines and examines the shaping and adopting stage in the 1990s within the Japan's social system.

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Japan's plant & machinery industry is now faced with many issues such as the need for younger technicians, globalization of manufacturing points and the shortening of product life cycles. The building of engineering knowledge and technology transfer systems is therefore a requisite that needs to be established by this industry. In line with this trend, a digital system named the Engineering Knowledge 3D Visualization System, equipped with a 3D graphical user interface and using multi-media data, has been developed to replace conventional analog such systems. This system comprises two modules, one which effectively extracts and formalizes engineering knowledge (data) from expert engineers, and another which processes and displays the formalized engineering knowledge data. The registered contents are capable to be printed out as needed by an analog function included in the system. This paper outlines the Digital 3D Visualization System and introduces typical application examples of the Pump digital catalog, Custom pump training manual, and Mechanical seal technical manual developed for the Plant & Machinery industry.

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This paper proposes a new virtual reality based knowledge acquisition and job training system for casting manufacturing skill, which is composed of the explicit and tacit knowledge transfer system using synchronized multimedia and the knowledge internalization system using portable virtual environment. In our proposed system, the education content is displayed in the immersive virtual environment, where by a trainee may experience himself in the virtual site operations. Provided that the trainee has gained explicit and tacit knowledge of casting through the multimedia-based knowledge transfer system, the immersive virtual environment catalyzes the internalization of knowledge and also enable the trainee to gain tacit knowledge before undergoing on the job training at real operation site.

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Information technology is steadily reaching every corner of our society. No one can refuse its influence. IT management is crucial for companies, especially for manufacturers. They are trying hard to realize technology innovations embracing cutting-edge IT solutions. Various IT software packages are developed such as MRP, ERP, SCM, PDM, PLM, CAE and CAD/CAM. These packages become the fundamentals of manufacturing technology. It brings fatal results to manufacturers whether they can make the most of IT software or not. In this paper, a practical methodology of utilizing the CAD/CAM system is described, from the standpoint of operation procedure and that of corporate management. This methodology requires three major steps ; target setting, system evaluation/selection, and system implementation. In target setting phase, the current situation is analyzed, problems to be solved are discussed, and a handful of goals are abstracted. In evaluation/selection phase, a most appropriate CAD/CAM system is selected through a series of evaluation procedures. In implementation phase, practical knowledge and empirical know-how are infused into the system. Consequently, the CAD/CAM software is optimized. The success of CAD/CAM utilization upgrades everyday operation into learning process, enhances operator's motivation, and results in production cost and lead time reduction.

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