This study concerns the development of a new technology for the exhaust-gas flow measurement, using an infrared thermograph by measuring heat-radiation energy in proper wavelength ranges of various components included in the automobile exhaust gas. This technology has an advantage that we can get real time temperature field information without disturbances by sensor probes in the test flow field. In this study, we discuss the factors which influence the thermograph output, more precisely and methodically.

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In order to use the waste heat effectively, the regenerative Brayton cycle heat engine generator that is closed cycle is developed. The proto-type engine generator aims to realize the electric power output of 500W and the electric efficiency of 20% by using the heat source of 600℃ or less. Basic characteristic analysis and design of the proto-type engine generator were conducted here. As a result, CO_2 was selected by the examination that the kind of working gas and the high and low working gas temperatures affect the engine performance. An expander and a compressor which are important parts are made by a multi-vane rotary, and each evaluation of characteristics is planned now.

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During rapidly filling of hydrogen gas at high pressure into a FCV tank, temperature of hydrogen gas in the tank suddenly rise resulting into a rise in the tank wall. The regulation of safety requires the temperature of hydrogen gas lower than 85℃. Filling system using precooled hydrogen is proposed to reduce the temperature rise of hydrogen gas in the tank. For the practical design of the precooling equipments, a simplified thermodynamic analysis has been done for operation of filling hydrogen gas by considering heat transfer in the equipments. The calculated conditions of hydrogen gas at outlet agreed with the measured ones.

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The purpose of this study is to develop the superheated steam generator using the tubular flame. The tubular flame is formed in a rotating flow field by injecting the air-fuel mixture tangentially into the cylindrical chamber. The superheated steam generator consists of the cylindrical combustion chamber, internally finned tube as the evaporator, and the water tube as the super heater. The prototype of superheated steam generator was made. The thermal efficiency is 87.5% based on LHV at the hot-water supply mode. Subsequently, boiling experiment was carried out. The superheated steam generator could evaporate water in 100cc/min.

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A Low-grade Thermal Energy Conversion (LTEC) which are Geothermal, Wasted Energy, Ocean Thermal Energy, is refocused on as one of the renewable energy to solve the global warming and the energy problem. This paper presents the maximum net power in finite heat transfer performance. For infinite heat transfer performance, the maximum power and the maximum net power are larger than that of finite heat transfer performance. The maximum net power obtained from heat source and heat sink is decided by heat source and heat sink temperatures, flow resistance, number of transfer unit, and modified flow resistance.

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In the new century, energy and environmental problems are becoming more critical, the development of natural energy is desired. Low-grade Thermal Energy Conversion (LTEC) is refocused as one of the renewable energy. The aim of this study is to compares with the two methods for the calculation of temperature difference and the corresponding influence on the total performance of rankine cycle that is operated using ammonia as a working fluid. As a result, the cycle thermal efficiency is larger than that of the LMTD (Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference) method. Moreover the computable range of the GMTD (Generalized Mean Temperature Difference) calculation method is smaller than that of the LMTD calculation method.

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This paper describes the experimental efficiency of a small organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system for power generation from low temperature heat sources such as waste heat from automobiles and solar energy. In this study, an ORC system with a small output power of 100W with a hot source with temperature ranging from 60 to 90℃ and a cold source with 10℃ was examined. HFC245fa was used as a working fluid. A scroll expander and a trochoidal expander were installed and tested. The expander performance for various rotational speeds, expander efficiency, and thermal efficiency were reported.

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A unique pumpless Rankine-type cycle for power generation from low temperature heat source such as waste heat was demonstrated. This cycle does not use a working fluid pump. Instead of the pump, it uses valves switching hot and cold sources in heat exchangers. Dynamic characteristic of the proposed cycle was examined by small-scale prototype system. Trochoidal expander and expansion nozzle were used to perform and emulate power generation process. The result shows that the proposed cycle can produce actual power.

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This paper proposes working fluid selection for Rankine cycle driven by heat source with small temperature difference. The heat source temperatures are set at 80℃ and 40℃ for higher and lower, respectively. Four conditions for working fluid selection are made. 1.Working fluid is natural working fluid. 2.Critical temperature is higher than 40℃. 3.Condensation pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure. 4.Gradient of saturate vapor line on T-s diagram is positive or zero. As a result, it is found that hydrocarbons were proper for the present cycle. In addition, regarding selected working fluids, the effect of adiabatic efficiencies both turbine and pump on the thermal efficiency is discussed.

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An analysis of performance of the system utilizing waste heat energy from the plant is conducted. The working fluid is used Trifluoroethanol (TFEA). An analysis of performance of the system is performed in the objective function for the inlet and outlet temperature difference of the waste heat gas. In the case of an analysis of performance of objective function, the maximum net power is given by minimizing of heat transfer area of the heat exchangers which consume most cost in total cost of the system. The minimum value of objective function is about 2.0 m^2/kW when the inlet and outlet temperature difference of the waste heat gas is about 120℃. The output power of the system is obtained from an analysis of performance.

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An analysis of performance of the system utilizing waste heat energy from the plant is conducted. The working fluid is used Trifluoroethanol (TFEA). An analysis of performance of the system is performed in the thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle, the heat flow rate and the work for the inlet and outlet temperature difference of the waste heat gas. The thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle decreased monotonously with increases for the inlet and outlet temperature difference of the waste heat gas. As a result, the work becomes convex upward and has a maximum point. The thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle becomes about 14 to 24 % when the inlet temperature of the waste heat gas is 320℃.

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We have investigated film condensation heat transfer and sweep-out flow of filmwise condensation on vertical plates with horizontal grooves. Once the sweep-out phenomena occurs, condensate is cleared from the surface of the plate, which means that the thermal resistance disappears. Therefore, heat transfer enhancement can be expected as the water vapor can directly contact again the plate surface. The present work shows the effects of the pitch of the grooves and size of the rest dimensionson on the fluid flow characteristics and heat transfer enhancement.

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Thermoelectric properties are evaluated by a figure of merit Z which is a function of a Seebeck coefficient, a resistivity and a thermal conductivity. In order to obtain a precise Z, we have proposed a simple measurement method with a film-type thermocouple probes which can measure the thermoelectric properties, simultaneously. In this report, we focus in a feasibility of the proposed method by measuring thermoelectric properties of a constantan and a lead as a reference sample at a room temperature.

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We propose a flexible thermoelectric (TE) device. Our device consists of n- and p-type thin films placed between two polyimide sheets, and it can generate electricity from temperature difference applied between surfaces of the device. We fabricated prototype devices to confirm our concept experimentally. Open circuit voltage and output electrical power from the device were measured at room temperature with applying temperature difference to the device. We confirmed that the device could generate electricity form the heat passing through the device. We also confirmed our concept by computer simulation using FEM (Finite Element Method). The calculated performance of the device was in good agreement with experimental result, indicating the FEM-based simulation is effective to predict and improve the device performance.

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In this study, we fabricated bismuth-telluride based thin films (Bi_<2.0>Te_<2.7>Se_<0.3> (n-type) and Bi_<0.4>Te_<3.0>Sb_<1.6> (p-type)) and their multi-layered in-plane thermoelectric modules (4mm×4mm) by using the flash evaporation method through shadow masks. We found that the output electric power was linearly increased with area density of thermoelectric patterns. A thermoelectric p-n pair is established as multi-layered films with both an insulator film with hole at the center and Copper electrode films on free-standing silicon nitride thin film, in order to increase the thermoelectric pattern density. The present multi-layered in-plane thermoelectric module generated 56 nW on a hot plate at 440 K. The power density was about 0.3μW/cm^2.

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In order to clarity the char acteristics of boili ng heat transfe r of binar y immiscible liqu ids, an experimental investigation has been conducted under the condition where the bulk temperature of binary liquids is lower than the eutectic temperature of them. As the results, in the case of water and Perfluorocabon C_6F_<14> (PFC), th e heat transfer characteristics was explained in regard with the behavior that a lot of small bubbles of PFC vapor occurred at the heated surface gath er to form an large bub ble at the interface of PFC and water, and then the large bubble grows to arise in the upper water layer.

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As heat generation increases in CPUs and other small electronic devices, more miniaturized and efficient cooling technology has been required. In this study the authors investigated combination of impinging flow and high-carbon alcohol aqueous solutions in mini channel. T-junction channel made of quartz glass realized the impinging flow. The flow tube has a circle cross section, and the inner diameter was 2.0 mm. We performed experiments and compared heat transfer characteristics about concentration level of butanol aqueous solutions. The concentration level was 1.50wt%, 3.00wt%, 4.50wt%, and 7.15wt%. It was found from the experimental results that the boiling bubble of butanol aqueous solutions (3.00wt%) became smaller and gave higher cooling ability.

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The authors applied butanol aqueous solution to boiling with impinging flow in mini channel and compared heat transfer characteristics for T-junction and straight channel and for pure water and butanol aqueous solution. The geometry of the channel cross section was rectangular of 3mm×3mm, and the whole body of the channel was made of insulating polymer material. Only heated surface was made of copper, whose size was 3mm×10mm. The experimental conditions were set in small flow rate. It was found that the butanol aqueous solution with impinging flow realized the highest heat transfer.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation on forced convective boiling of refrigerant HCFC123 in a mini-tube, and visualization of boiling phenomena at the onset points of nucleate boiling is conducted. It was indicated in the former report that heat transfer characteristics of forced convective boiling in mini-tubes, of which inner diameter is φ0.51mm and φ0.30mm, are different from those in conventional tubes. In order to clarify this difference of heat transfer characteristics, bubble formation and departure at the onset points of nucleate boiling were observed and investigated, using a glass tube on which ITO film is formed. The bubble diameter at departure becomes small with mass flux and becomes large with heat flux in a mini-tube. The bubble occupies almost the whole tube cross section and grows up into a long thin vapor plug as heat flux becomes larger, and thereafter, the flow pattern changes into an annular flow right after the onset points of nucleate boiling. Accordingly, forced convective evaporation can be dominant for low mass flux and high heat flux, which is so different from heat transfer characteristics in conventional tubes. From these results, there seems to be some potential that nucleate boiling influences formation of flow pattern in mini-tubes.

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Boiling heat transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of lubricating oil on the heat transfer performance of CO_2 refrigerating system. Experimental results show that the heat transfer coefficients decrease with increasing oil concentration at low vapor quality region and increase with increasing oil concentrations at high vapor quality regions.

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We focus on processes of condensation and collapse of vapor bubble(s) in a subcooled pool. We generate the vapor in the vapor generator and inject it/them to form vapor bubble(s) at a designated temperature into the liquid at a designated degree of subcooling. In order to evaluate the effect of induced flow around the condensing/collapsing vapor bubble, two different boundary conditions are employed; that is, the vapor is injected through the orifice and the tube. We also focus on interaction between/among the condensing/collapsing vapor bubbles laterally injected to the pool. Through this system we try to simulate an interaction between the vapor bubble and the subcooled bulk in a complex boiling phenomenon, especially that known as MEB (microbubble emission boiling) in which a higher heat flux than critical heat flux (CHF) accompanying with emission of micrometer-scale bubbles from the heated surface against the gravity is realized under a rather high subcooled condition.

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A sub-channels-inserted porous evaporator is proposed as a heat removal device of a power device with a heat load exceeding 10MW/m^2. The porous media are made by sintering metal particles with micro scale in pore and have several sub-channels to enhance discharge of generated vapor outside the porous medium. This porous cooling devise is attached onto the back surface of a high heat loading equipment such as an divertor. In order to prove the effect of the sub-channels, the heat transfer characteristics of this porous device are evaluated experimentally using a plasma arcjet as a high heat flux source. The result shows that the heat transfer performance of copper-particles-sintered porous medium with the sub-channels enables to remove much higher heat flux under lower flow rate and lower wall superheat conditions, compared with the normal porous media. The removal heat flux, 8.1MW//m^2, is 1.8 times as higher than that of the normal porous medium at a wall superheat of 50 degrees. The removal heat flux reaches almost 10MW/m^2 although the wall superheat exceeds 100 degrees (The wall temperature is around 220 degrees C. in a fully developed boiling regime).

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The mechanism of isolated bubble pool nucleate boiling of water is studied by a novel approach method using the developed MEMS thermal sensor. Local temperature variation below the isolated bubble was measured at six wall superheats in the experiments. Heat transfer from the heating surface and the superheated liquid layer was evaluated by the heat transfer simulation with the experimental results. The heat transfer analysis shows that the microlayer evaporation dominantly contributes to wall heat transfer in the isolated bubble boiling, and the contribution of the wall heat transfer to the bubble growth decreases with increasing wall superheat.

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Non-uniformly heated tubes under inclined upward flow condition are widely observed in actual boiling systems. However, many investigations on the CHF have been conducted under uniform heat flux and vertical upward flow conditions. Consequently, in the series of investigations, the experimental study on the CHF of non-uniformly heated tube was conducted with 900 mm and 1800 mm in heated length under the inclined tube condition. In this study, the CHF experiment was conducted with 450 mm in heated length which realized the higher heat flux condition than that of the previous studies. The results of the CHF showed the unique characteristics depending on the location of the maximum heat flux, and also showed the clear different characteristics with that of the longer tubes case.

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The behavior of rewetting on a high superheated and dry surface, focusing on rewetting temperature just as collapse of saturated and subcooled film boiling was investigated experimentally and analytically. Saturated and subcooled impingement jet experiments were conducted by using a Silicon wafer with 20mm length, 20mm width and 0.5mm thickness and pure water at atmospheric condition. Temperature of the test heater was measured by using a commercial separated-type infrared thermometer from a back side of it. The present experimental results showed that as the liquid subcooling was high, MHF temperature was higher. Namely, the experimental results agreed with Dhir-Purohit's correlation.

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Maximum heat flux was measured during transient spray cooling of a hot cylindrical surface over an extensive experimental range to elucidate effects of subcooling, volumetric flux and properties of solid and liquid. The experimental results indicate that thermal inertia of solid surface (ρcλ)^<1/2> has a significant effect on the maximum heat flux. The maximum heat flux decreases and becomes independent of subcooling as a thermal inertia of a solid decreases. The maximum heat flux increases proportional to the 0.3th power of volumetric flux which coincides with the characteristic of critical heat flux.

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Boiling feature on a hydrophilic surface with hydrophobic coating of spotted pattern has been studied. Bubble nucleation begins at hydrophobic region at low superheating and an overshoot of superheating in boiling incipience is not observed. At low heat flux, generated bubble size depends on the spotted size. The hydrophobic coat region is effective in the low superheat region. The critical heat flux can be increased by combining the hydrophobic surface and hydrophilic surface.

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Three-dimensional numerical simulation has been conducted to determine the permeability, Forchheimer coefficient, thermal dispersion coefficient and interfacial heat transfer coefficient within packed bed in porous medium. A macroscopically uniform flow is assumed to pass through a collection of spheres placed regularly in an infinite space, where a temperature gradient is imposed to flow direction. Due to the periodicity of the model, only one structural unit can be taken for a calculation domain to resolve an entire domain of porous medium. The numerical results thus obtained are integrated over a unit structure to determine the permeabilty and dispersion coefficient. These macroscopic values agree well with empirical Ergun equation and Wakao-Kaugei equation.

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A visualization technique using fluorescein sodium has been developed for the study of mechanical dispersion within fluid-saturated porous media. The measurements were made for single solute-source within the shallow channel where small rectangular blocks were arranged in a periodical fashion. The dilute fluorescein sodium solution was supplied from a single solute-source to the water stream. The color intensity within the field of interest was monitored and then processed to obtain the concentration distribution. Numerical computation results based on the macroscopic mass transfer equation with an adjustable dispersion coefficient was compared against the concentration obtained from the visualization experiment, so as to determine the dispersion coefficient, which provides the best agreement between the numerical and experimental results.

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High Prandtl number (Pr) fluid Flibe, whose Pr varies from 25 to 150 depending on its composition, has been proposed to be used as the cooling and breeding liquid in blanket of fusion reactor. In this study, heat transfer experiments with sphere-packed circular pipes (SPP) and annular channels, which are heat transfer promoter for Flibe, are conducted using silicone oils as working fluids whose Pr are almost 25, 100 and 150. The results show that SPP has a little fin effect and sphere packed annular channels can obtain slightly higher heat transfer performance than circular pipe when comparing in the same pumping power.

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Cooling technique that applies nano-porous structure on a heat transfer surface is verified to enhance boiling heat transfer due to its highly enhanced wettability. Evaluating several different techniques to assemble the nano-particles clarified that the boiling adhesion method was the most available. The surface structure has not only the nano scale of pore but also newly peculiar micro pore structures. The contact angle of a droplet on the nano-porous structure mentioned above becomes about 0 degrees, which indicates that the wettability between the water and the nano-porous structure is drastically improved. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of the droplet on the high temperature plate with the nano-porous structure is visualized with a high speed video camera, which shows that the droplet intensely boils and evaporates on the nano-porous surface and disappears instantaneously under Leidenfrost conditions.

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Co-injection of CO_2 and water in reservoirs is one of the possible options to enhance the capillary trapping in porous rock. First, we developed the model to predict the initial gas saturation in porous media as a function of the fractional flow rate. Next, the model has been confirmed experimentally. By means of the co-injection the fraction of trapped gas by capillarity to the injected gas can be improved.

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CCS is considered as an effective technology to reduce CO_2 emissions into the atmosphere. Geological sequestration is an immediately available and technologically feasible method, however, upward migration of CO_2 is caused by gravity. The evaluation of the storage site and the assessment of CO_2 leakage risks and storage costs are needed. In this paper, experimental research on buoyancy effect of air phase in a water saturated porous media is studied. Injected air into a packed bed of glass beads containing water was visualized by micro-focus X-Ray CT. As the result, the behavior of the air phase driven by buoyancy effect was clearly observed.

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Water retentive material which increases the amount of latent heat transport and control the rise of air temperature by evaporating moisture is pointed as a counter measure to urban heat island. It is difficult to maintain the evaporation effect due to the unavailability of left water in pore in dry process. It is necessary to understand the influence of pore structure to the moisture behavior inside of the material. This paper shows numerical prediction of evaporation characteristic of water retentive material where molecule diffusion and Knudsen diffusion exist by using moisture conductivity which considers pore structure.

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We have studied on metal hydride tanks for load leveling of commercial buildings. The storage tank with 50 kg AB5 type metal hydride alloy was assembled to investigate the hydrogen absorbing/desorbing process, which is exothermic/endothermic process. We have a plan to utilize hot heat and cold heat of each process for air conditioning that could be expected to improve the system efficiency. In order to get high availability of reaction heat, optimization of operating method is required. For this reason, evaluation of operating method is carried out by experiment and numerical simulation.

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A general bioheat equation for local tissue heat transfer has been derived exploiting a volume averaging theory. The volume averaged energy equations obtained for the arterial blood, venous blood and tissue were combined together to form a single energy equation in terms of the tissue temperature alone. The resulting energy equation turns out to be remarkably simple as we define the effective thermal conductivity tensor, which accounts for the countercurrent heat exchange mechanism. This bioheat equation can be coupled with the energy equations of large artery and vein in order to investigate the temperature field in a deep tissue layer "core tissue layer" in a human arm. Such a multiscale numerical analysis is described in detail.

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In this study, a mathematical model of heat transfer and fluid flow in air gap between hot surface and air-permeable sheet with periodic oscillation is developed. In the model, an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Finite element method is used to simulate the periodic oscillation of the sheet such as stroke distance. The effect of periodic motion of the sheet on the heat transfer and fluid flow in the air gap is discussed. From the results, the oscillation of air permeable sheet enhances the Nusselt number on the hot surface. In addition, an increase in the stroke distance of the oscillation improves the heat transfer characteristics.

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This paper presents experimental results on heat transfer characteristics of turbulent gaseous flow in a micro-tube with constant wall temperature. The experiment was performed for nitrogen gas flow through a micro-tube with 343 urn in diameter and 50 mm in length. The wall temperature was maintained at 310 K, 330 K and 350 K. The stagnation pressure is chosen in such a way that the exit Reynolds number ranges from laminar to turbulent. The total temperature at the outlet, the inlet stagnation temperature, the mass flow rate, and the inlet pressure were measured. The results show that the Nusselt number of gas flow is different from that of incompressible flow.

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The Prediction of flow characteristics of gas through micro-channels is important for MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) as a non-testing method. Therefore, the methodology to predict flow characteristics of gas through micro-channels for a wide flow range from incompressible and compressible flow using a f・Re (the product of friction factor and Reynolds number) correlation is developed and proposed. The flow characteristics through micro-channels can be predicted by a f・Re correlation. The detail of the procedure how to apply the f・Re correlation is also documented. In the developed methodology, the form-order Runge-Kutta method is used to integrate the nonlinear ordinary differential equation for pressure and the Regular-Falsi method is also used to find the inlet Mach number. The present results are compared with available experimental results. The results are in excellent agreement with them.

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Effect of the functional surface wettability on single-phase convective heat transfer in the parallel-plate microchannel flow is investigated experimentally in this paper. The microchannel surface is patterned with a combination of the hydrophilic area and the hydrophobic area in a same area ratio. It is found that the friction constant for the functional surfaces of patterns parallel to the flow is lower than the ones perpendicular to the flow. Also, the heat flux obtained at the surfaces of micrometer size patterns is larger than that of millimeter size patterns.

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In this paper, we investigated the heat transfer characteristics over the interface of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and water solvent by using molecular dynamics simulations. Two types of SAM terminal groups, i.e., methyl (CH_3-) and hydroxyl (OH-) which have a hydrophobic and hydrophilic property, respectively, were applied to elucidate the effect of the affinity between the SAM and solvent. By nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, a constant heat flux was imposed across the SAM interface and the resultant temperature distribution was obtained. Thereby, thermal boundary conductances (TBC) were evaluated at the both SAM interfaces. The result demonstrated that the TBC at the OH-terminated SAM interface is one order of magnitude larger than that at the methyl-terminated SAM interface.

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The influences of the structural geometry at the nanometer scale on the thermal resistance at a liquid molecule-solid interface, as well as the interfacial energy transport mechanism of liquid molecules, were investigated directly by the nonequilibrium classical molecular dynamics simulations. The interfacial thermal resistance is dependent on the surface geometry at the nanometer scale and the interaction parameters between solids and liquid molecules. The energy transport mechanism at a liquid-solid interface can be varied by the surface geometry at the nanometer scale under some specific conditions.

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The evaporation behavior of a sessile droplet on the nano/microstructured surfaces is investigated experimentally in this paper. Three typical modes of evaporation of liquid droplets on surfaces are observed: one at constant contact radius (CCR; i.e. constant contact area), one at constant contact angle (CCA) and one at a mix of CCR and CCA. It is found that the CCR mode is the dominating evaporation mode for water on the nano/microstructures surfaces even if the initial contact angle is larger than 90°. The pinning of the three-phase contact line is significant and large spreading coefficient is obtained at the nano/microstructured surfaces.

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Dropwise condensation experiments have been carried out in order to obtain reliable experimental data on the condensation coefficient. Effects of non-condensable gases and impurities reduce the reliability of measured condensation coefficient. It is also important to have precise information on the condensing surface temperature. Therefore, a high vacuum chamber system was developed to eliminate the non-condensable gases and impurities as well as a measuring system with ultrafine wire thermocouple for the surface temperature. The results show that the condensation coefficient of water exists in the range of 0.72-0.91.

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Optimal control scheme based on the adjoint equation of 1-D heat conduction is developed for transient control of internal temperature profile inside electronic devices such as pulsed laser diode. Joule heating with a thin-film heater is employed as the control input in order to minimize temperature changes of a thin active layer within a modeled laser diode. In numerical simulations, temperature variation of the active layer is successfully suppressed by 70% with heat input prior to the onset of the laser pulse. It is found that the Fourier number of the layer between the control heater and the active layer is the key parameter to minimize the temperature fluctuations.

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This paper reports on a new technology of simultaneous measurements of micro-fluorescent-particle position in 3- D and of temperature field with high time-resolution. The technology to measure both velocity and temperature field is based on the simultaneity of micro digital holographic particle tracking velocimetry (micro-DHPTV) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF).

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