It was described in Chinese old history books that "Sake is the chief of all medicine". Clearly, sake may not only be drunk in order to enjoy its relaxing effects but also as a foodstuff contributing to a healthy life. Recent scientific research has been revealed various active ingredients and physiological effects pointing to the functionality of sake. Therefore this beverage deserves promotion as an evidence-based functional food.

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Urban metabolic system (UMS) is composed of three major subsystems. They are supply-side, demand-side and dispose-side. The development of UMS is reviewed. At first, just the supply-side was developed and caused the local environmental pollution issue. Then, the dispose-side was developed and solved it. The demand-side was just a consumer served by the other two throughout. Nowadays this system is the cause of the global warming issue. The dispose-side which was the expert on environmental problems is useless for it. We must establish sustainable UMS in which the demand-side is the key subsystem. As an example the measures against urban heat island issue as a defect of urban thermal metabolic system are discussed.

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In the present paper, overview of micro thermo-fluids system is presented as a contact between thermal engineering and MEMS. Strategy for reducing scale is discussed toward significant improvement of existing macro-scale devices or development of devices with new functions; use of scaling effect such as reduction in volume-to-surface ratio, use of atomistic effect, and taking advantage of mass production using semiconductor process. Power MEMS, which is micro/nano technology for energy conversion, is introduced with recent activities in the area. As a high-power-density fuel-based micro power system that can work without peripherals, micro thermophotovoltaic (TPV) power generation system is presented. A micro catalytic combustor using high-precision ceramic tape-casting technology for micro TPV system has been developed. Pd/Nano-porous alumina is employed for the catalyst layer in order to achieve high temperature operation. Catalyst arrangement that gives much smaller temperature gradient has been proposed based on a series of CFD analysis.

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This paper presents the whole view of the development of a Reservoir Embedded Looped Heat Pipe (RELHP) for a deployable radiator (DPR) in the Engineering Test Satellite VIII (ETS-VIII) that was launched on December 2006. The RELHP has the stainless steel porous wick with pore diameter of 1μm and working fluid of ammonia. The evaporator core is used as a liquid reservoir to enhance operational reliability. Mathematical models for predicting static and transient heat transfer characteristics of RELHP were developed. Evaporative heat transfer coefficient in a wick and heat transfer between vapor phase and liquid puddle in the reservoir are taken into consideration in the models. Several experiments to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of the RELHP were conducted and compared with the prediction. The practical RELHP model showed larger heat transport capacity than specified 1kW. The temperature distribution in the RELHP for the ETS-VIII tested in a vacuum chamber showed good agreement with the prediction. The experiments in space of the DPR in the ETS-VIII are now in operation and shows satisfactory data.

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Heat exchangers for air-conditioners generally consist of aluminum fins and copper tubes. The performance of the heat exchangers had been improved by heat transfer enhancement on the fins and on the tubes for several decades. In recent years, however, the conventional methods of heat transfer enhancement are coming close to the limit due to some problems in practical use. And the heat exchangers have various factors that can deteriorate the performance. This paper shows some techniques that have been developed to improve the performance of the heat exchangers and, additionally, new trials by which more remarkable heat transfer enhancement is intended.

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Two-phase flows are observed in many industrial machines. Visualization and measurement of two-phase flows in real parts of the machines in the real conditions are important to understand the two-phase flow phenomena in the machines from mechanical engineering points of view. Most of machines are made of metals and optical visualization and measurement of two-phase flows in the machines are often difficult. Neutron radiography is suitable for visualization and the void fraction measurement. Neutron radiography was applied to the two-phase flows in the metallic parts of real and simulated machines. Two-phase flow behavior in a simulated tight lattice rod bundle of a nuclear reactor, a plate heat exchanger, a self-vibrating heat pipe, a fuel injection nozzle for a Diesel engine, and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) are presented.

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This paper describes advanced laser measurement techniques and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization for thermo-fluid engineering on fuel cell and CO_2 sequestration. MRI visualization was successfully applied to measure transversal water content distributions in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell membrane, indicating that electro-osmotic drag plays an important role on membrane dehydration. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) was also introduced for remote optical sensing on water vapor concentration in narrow size of fuel cell channels. Two-dimensional time-series PIV captured vortex induced vibration, simulating a flow field around a CO_2 releasing pipe in CO_2 ocean sequestration.

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This article describes some recent results obtained by the author and his group by applying visualization and opto-imaging measurement to various convection phenomena. The results presented include those related to index-matching stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV), 3-D particle tracking velcimetry for thermocapillary convection, micro fluorescent particle surface velocimetry, dynamic PIV, stereo direct-imaging for particle measurement, micro-imaging displacement meter for dynamic surface displacement and electronic speckle pattern interferometry. Although those techniques cover only a limited area in this field, they provide an idea on the current status and the future direction of this field.

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With the developments of computer technologies, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent combustion have been realized with a detailed or reduced kinetic mechanism. The 3D DNS gives detailed information about turbulent flames, while there are few experimental techniques which have high accuracy enough to compare with DNS. In this paper, after showing summary of recent DNS of turbulent premixed flames, newly-developed laser diagnostics are presented. Simultaneous CH-OH planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) and stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) are used to investigate the local flame structure of the turbulent premixed flames. From CH-OH PLIF and PIV measurements, flame fronts are identified, and the curvature of the flame front and the tangential strain rate at the flame front are evaluated. The experimental results are compared with 3D DNS of hydrogen-air and methane-air turbulent premixed flames. The flame displacement speeds in turbulent premixed flames have been measured directly by the CH double-pulsed PLIF. Since the time interval of the successive CH PLIF can be selected arbitrarily, both of the large scale dynamics and local displacement of the flame front can be obtained. As an application of laser diagnostics for development of high-efficient and low-emission combustors, reconstruction of 3D flame structure is shown by using multiple-plane OH PLIF.

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This keynote lecture illustrates the possibilities of bio-mimetic control of heat transfer based on drought tolerance and freeze tolerance. Osmotic pressure is increased with an increase of a protein or Trahalose in cells. The surfaces of plants and insects in desert are effective for collecting moisture. The preservation methods for crops will be improved by the mimetic of the tolerance. The calcium ions and a protein are effective for recovery of damaged membrane of cells by ice. Ice crystal growth is inhibited by antifreeze proteins. The cryopreservation of foods and organs will be improved by the mimetic of the tolerance.

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Micro and nano-scale systems are explained and these are categorized in terms of heat and fluid flow phenomena. Some typical application of nano and micro machines are presented. Heat and fluid flow phenomena of nano-micro spatio-temporal systems are described as follows Micro-system: ・The size of the machine element is from 1μm to 1mm. ・The fluid motion and heat transfer can be treated as continuum, and is described by Navier-Stokes equations and Fourier's law. Nano-system: ・The fluid can not be treated as continuum any more. ・Discontinuity and wave characteristics of fluid and energy have to be considered.

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At the PC design stage, heat flow analysis in a PC is needed. However, due to the complex printed wiring board structure, a large number of grids are required to enable precise calculation, ruling out calculations using a conventional PC. This has led to attempts to predict the temperature of an actual package by calculation based on a simplified package whose result is then modified. In this study, a compact casing and a package model are used to simulate actual notebook PCs. The performance of a diode package is experimentally obtained, and the flow inside the casing and the thermal performance of the package are studied with an obstacle placed inside the casing. This study is also conducted by aiming at acquisition of benchmark test data for CFD simulations.

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To elucidate the detailed combustion mechanism of spray flames, experimental and numerical studies were conducted. In the experiment, simultaneous time-series measurements of OH chemiluminescence, CH-band light emission, and Mie scattering from droplets by using a Cassegrain, spray image illuminated by laser light sheet, the droplet diameter and velocity measured by using PDA are applied to a premixed spray flame of kerosene. In addition, numerical calculations were conducted on combustion processes of n-decane spray entering gaseous flat-flame stabilized in laminar counter flow configuration. With these experimental and numerical results, time evolution of burning processes of fuel spray was discussed in detail.

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There are problems in thermal engineering which require consideration in nano-scale or at molecular level. Nanofluidics is an example. Heat conduction in electronic device is another. In this paper, several examples are given from our recent works, which molecular simulations have made large contributions to. The first one concerns "nano bubbles"; molecular simulation reveals that surface tension and vapor pressure of a nano bubble hardly depend on its size and that the classical Young-Laplace equation is applicable even to a bubble as small as several nano meters. The second example is heat conduction in solid thin film. As the film thickness decreases to "phonon mean free path," the apparent thermal conductivity becomes smaller than the bulk value, the mechanism of which molecular simulation can explain.

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This paper reviews characteristics of heat transfer during quenching high temperature body using liquid jet impingement. The temperature of body is initially kept higher than the Leidenfrost temperature. The flow pattern dramatically changes with a decrease in the surface temperature. At a moment of jet impingement, the liquid is randomly splashed away. After that, it seems to change a cone shape splashed flow, in which liquid is confirmed to be contact with the surface in an impinging zone. Finally, the liquid contact area where occurs rigorous boiling starts moving radially. Under such flow configuration, what surface temperature and heat flux change with time and homogenous nucleation for vapor generation are discussed.

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Phosphorescence and fluorescence are often applied to measure the temperature and the concentration of oxygen. The intensity and the lifetime of phosphor depend on the temperature and the oxygen concentration, due to the quenching effect of the phosphor. The present study clarified the effects of temperature on the lifetime of phosphorescence of Ru (bpy)_3^<2+> and the europium complex. The phosphorescence lifetime and the other optical property of the small particles incorporated with the phosphor were investigated in the oil/water/air. The lifetime was strongly affected by temperature. Then, the temperature sensitive particle (TSParticle) with europium complex was applied to measure the temperature stratified flow two-dimensionally.

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The phosphor emitting the phosphorescence for more than 10 micro seconds by an excitation was measured at the high time resolution, while the phosphorescence life time is the function of the temperature. A phosphorescence dyes, PtT975 or PdT975, was bound with acrylic resin onto the white paper. The dye was excited by a LED-array with the wavelength of 405nm. Phosphor was detected by a PIN photo diode or a cooled CCD camera. The basic properties of phosphors, emission spectra and lifetime, were investigated at first. Then, the temperature measurement was conducted by using a hotplate and a Nichrome wire heater. As a result, it was clarified to be able to measure the temperature using these dyes.

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"2-Color Laser-induced Fluorescence" (2C-LIF) is a novel quantitative temperature measurement method in micro fluidic flow. In a conventional method (1-Color LIF), the undesirable spatio-temporal noise could prevent from quantitative measurement, which is originated from unstable excitation light intensity and channel configuration. In contrast, 2C-LIF can eliminate the undesirable influence using a ratio-metric technique with two fluorescence images, because fluorescence intensities can be approximately a linear function of the excitation light. Therefore, it can obtain quantitative temperature distribution, thus simplify temperature calibration in micro channel. In this study, 2C-LIF was applied to micro-electrophoretic flow, and then local Joule heating by loading high electric field could be visualized according to complicated channel configuration. Consequently, the spatial intensity error could be reduced to about 95% as compared with 1-Color LIF image. The temperature distribution in microchannel was quantitatively measured with high resolution 0.12×0.12μm, temperature sensitivity 1.51%/K with accuracy ±0.45%/K.

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Recently, the regulation of car-exhaust emission has become more and more needed. Due to the regulation, catalyst technologies have made remarkable progresses. Exhaust-gas temperature is one of the important factors in the efficiency of such exhaust systems. The purpose of this study is the development of a new technology to know the exhaust-gas temperature field; that is, the usage of an infrared thermograph by which we measure the heat-radiation energy in proper wavelength ranges of H_2O, CO_2 and CO included in the automobile exhaust gas. This technology has an advantage that we can get real-time temperature-field information without disturbances by sensor probes in the test flow field.

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We report a method using near-infrared camera and optical filter to obtain the temperature image of sub-millimeter-thick water. The measurement principle is based on the fact that the peak wavelength of the water absorption band with its center near 1440nm shifts with changes in temperature. Temperature images can be constructed by calculating absorbances near 1412nm, which most strongly depend on temperature, for all pixels. We first calibrated the temperatures of 0.5-mm-thick water over the temperature range from 26.0℃ to 40.0℃. The average of temperature coefficients obtained was 1.46×10^<-3> absorbance/℃. Finally, we formed the temperature distribution in this water film by heating an immersed nichrome wire and obtained sequential temperature images demonstrating the distribution.

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Micro-size membrane-type resistance thermometer and thermocouples made of Pt and AI were fabricated by using MEMS process in the present study. The performances were evaluated by measuring the temperature of the fluid in a micro-channel for the purpose of developing a high resolution and low cost temperature sensors for μ-TAS, and to provide fundamental data in developing a database of micro fabrication processes. Several types of sensor pattern were tested in which the spatial resolution and membrane thickness were changed. AI resistance thermometers, which are available to be produced at a lower cost, showed a reasonable performance compared with Pt sensors. The effects of the membrane thickness on the sensor characteristics were examined, and the thickness has its limit value to degrade the sensor reliability.

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A digital signal processing technique for visualizing spatiotemporal behavior of a fluctuating temperature field of an airflow was developed, in which an adaptive response compensation method was applied to a two-dimensional array of fine-wire thermocouples. In the experiment, sixty-four two-thermocouple sensors-the sensor is composed of two fine-wire thermocouples of unequal diameters, e.g., 25μm and 51μm-were used, and enabled us to capture rapid precessional motion of a hot air jet adequately. The technique developed will serve as a basis for a real-time response compensation technique for multidimensional thermocouple measurement.

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Effective utilization of waste heat from biomass power plants has become very important to reduce CO_2 emissions. However, it is difficult to use waste heat on-site or very nearby. This is so that there is too much waste heat to use as heating and cooling applications on the site. We need a method to transport waste heat to heating and cooling applications of other sites. Kobe Steel Ltd. and Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd are developing latent thermal energy storage equipment for such a transport system. The erythritol of phase change material (PCM) and direct contact heat transfer technology are being used for this equipment. Direct contact heat transfer technology is a thermal energy storage method of contacting heat medium to PCM directly. The advantages are high performances of heat input and heat output and light weight equipment without the need for a heat exchanger. Therefore, in this paper, we report on a study of a new model of thermal storage cassette, for the target performance of maintaining fixed heat output at a temperature of 90℃ for 8 hours, and performing 90% or more of heat recovery by 4t pilot-scale thermal storage cassette.

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Pilot-scale field tests of high efficiency heat transportation system "Thermo Way" is carried out. This system uses phase change material (Erythritol) as heat storage media for high storage density. Thermal storage cassette can be mounted on truck so that heat can be transported from waste heat emitting site to heat consumption site. 4ton pilot-scale thermal storage cassette is designed and manufactured and used in the test series. In the field test, after transportation of 35km on road, constant thermal recovery and hot water supply at 90℃ for more than 8 hours are achieved. Thermal recovery efficiency is calculated to be more than 90%, showing high performance. Load change test is also examined to simulate actual heat consumption. Changing heat load, which is a combination of constant air condition load and intermittent 60℃ hot water supply, is connected to thermal recovery unit. PID-control loop installed in the thermal recovery unit responded successfully, matching the heat supply to the varying heat demand.

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We are developing a co-generation system for apartment buildings (Neighboring Co-Generation: NCG). The key concept of this system is to install a heat accumulator with a hot water supply and a room heating function at each household and to connect different households with single loop of heat transfer line. As a result, time leveling of the heat supply and heat transferring among households become possible. Thus, the costs of the piping and the heat source equipment decreases. The former conference 2006 we reported heat accumulator with normal pressure tank of hot water for space heating. In this paper, we reported the evaluation of this NCG under demands of living conditions in apartment buildings.

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In this paper, the one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction experiments of silicon gum and composite silicon gum using MEPCM were conducted in order to validate numerical simulation model for unsteady heat conduction of composite materials using MEPCM. Here, silicon gum which contained MEPCM by 30wt% was made, and temperature profile of internal of it was measured by thermocouples. As a result, temperature response of composite silicon gum of MEPCM was slower than one of silicon gum, due to latent heat of MEPCM. It was also confirmed that temperature profile of composite one was nonlinear. Next, using these experimental data, we are going to validate numerical simulation model.

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The measurement system with Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance (NMR) sensor which is able to estimate the current distribution through membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was developed. The magnetic field strength induced by the current through MEA is acquired as the frequency shift of the NMR signal by NMR sensor. It was found that the frequency shift of NMR signal from PEM under water electrolysis condition depended on the current distribution in MEA. In this measurement, two types of MEA with uniform and non-uniform catalyst layer were used to measure the difference of current distributions through them.

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A magnetic levitation densimeter for accurate PVT-property measurement has been investigated. For the existing densimeter, the most serious factor of the measurement uncertainty is a density measurement error caused by magnetism of materials around the magnetic coupling. A new densimeter is now under development to overcome the error. The new densimeter has two features; one is to keep the permanent magnet at the same vertical position in the every measurement, and the other is to use two sinkers with different densities. The error can be almost perfectly corrected by employing the above methods.

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The MRI technique is used to observe distributions of water contents inside foodstuffs in the microwave-vacuum dryings. Some pieces of 30mm cube radish are used as sample and dried at room temperatures by controlled irradiation of microwave. The images of the water distribution indicate clearly that the central part of radish is dehydrated faster than the outer part. Internal heating by microwave and surface evaporation induce the water permeation to the surface from the inside. This is a reason for faster drying.

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Liquid water unwillingly forms in electric device and machinery, and often deteriorate their performance, leading to the motivation to develop the measurement tool for liquid water. We thought up a new sensor to measure water droplet distribution by using single optical fiber. The principle in this sensor based on OCDR (Optical Coherence Domain Reflectometry) so-called; wiring single fiber in target domain and measuring reflect light in the fiber works as sensor to measure water-droplet distribution. We fabricated two gaps in a single fiber, which perform as the detector of single droplet. We verified its performance with forcedly putting water droplet on/off. We found that the two gaps well worked as sensor independently, and that each sensor caught the water adhesion events and their location.

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On thermal facilities, miniaturization is progressing. In the case of boiling equipments, flush evaporation phenomenon makes the difficulty on the miniaturization due to the boiling bubble size. If the usual heater is used, boiling bubble size remains constant, which is not desired for the miniature thermal equipments. Further, these boiling equipments are frequently operated under low-pressure condition, which affects oppositely to the boiling bubble size. Therefore, it oust be develop the boiling size reducing method especially for low-pressure condition. In this study, reeled by thread method was proposed and experimentally investigated. The results show that the method is useful to reduce the boiling bubble size, however, the method increases the heater surface temperature.

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A series of experiments of pool boiling with water, R141b, water/lithium chloride solutions were performed on a horizontal transparent heater (FTO) at Atmospheric pressure. The bubble behavior was observed from behind the heating surface with a high speed digital camera. The process of bubble growth can be divided into two areas by the behavior of adsorbed film. The difference of the process of bubble growth in two areas was attributed to bubble structure near the three phase contact line. Furthermore, instability of vapor/liquid interface, thermocapollary flow and marangoni flow generated in the three phase contact line were observed. It was considered that the bubble structure near the three phase contact line influenced causes of generating these phenomenon.

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This paper summarizes the results of our researches that we have performed to clarify the mechanism of critical heat flux (CHF) for saturated and subcooled pool boiling on an upward surface with high heat capacity. The reasons why the macrolayer dryout model would be the most appropriate model for the CHF are presented. A macrolayer formation model applicable to both saturated and subcooled boiling is also introduced.

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Behavior of growing/collapsing vapor bubble ejected to subcooled liquid bath was focused. Vapor at designated temp was generated in the vapor generater and ejected to the subcooled pool to form a vapor bubble. This system enabled the authors to extract interaction between the vapor and the liquid in the condensing process. The bubble behavior was detected by employing a high-speed camera with up to 100,000fps. Instability emerged over the surface of the growing and collapsing vapor is discussed as functions of the degree of subcooling, and the temperature and ejection speed of vapor in comparing to the micro-bubble emission boiling known as MEB.

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Conventional two-phase flow modeling based on time-averaging hardly predicts a critical heat flux condition induced by flow fluctuation and/or flow regime transition. In this series of study, the discrete bubble model applicable to an isothermal flow has been developed based on one-dimensional mass conservation equation and a limited number of relationships of momentum conservation. In the present paper, this new modeling is further developed so as to include phase change and boiling boundary movement being substantial factors for simulating two-phase flow dynamics of boiling channel. Thus obtained spatio-temporal fluctuation of void fraction well demonstrates typical features observed in a boiling channel with subcooled water at the inlet together with a flow oscillation.

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Fluid and thermal behaviors in gas and liquid phase in closed container were investigated by numerical calculation. In this calculation, mass and energy transfer due to evaporation on free surface was considered. Natural convection in both liquid and gas phase were separately calculated. In gas phase, binary diffusion convection including mixture of vapor component and non condensable gas were additionally considered. In these calculations thermal stratification was obtained in liquid phase by applying heat at side wall. Evaluation tests by using mixture of ethanol and nitrogen gas were also conducted. Pressure history was compared with calculated results, and it was proved that calculated results agreed with experimental ones.

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Miniaturized flow control devices have recently gained considerable attention in chemical process engineering and biotechnology. Miniaturized flow control devices include micromixers, microvalves, and micropumps in the fields of miniaturized chemical analysis systems such as micro total analysis systems (μTAS), and miniaturized production systems. Mixing of the fluid flowing through microchannels is important in a variety of applications. At low Re, in simple channels, pressure flows are laminar and uniaxial, so the mixing of material between streams in the flow is purely diffusive. Therefore, a micromixer with thermocapillary effect is proposed. The flow structure in this micromixer is three-dimensional spiral flow. In this study, the mixed effect by this method was confirmed.

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The temperature dependency of surface tension of aqueous solutions of some alcohol such as butanol behaves in a nonlinear manner. Namely, the value of surface tension increases from some temperature when the solution is heated. In this study the author reports new measurement results about the nonlinearity of temperature dependency of the surface tension of the butanol aqueous solutions. The measurement again revealed that the value of the surface tension of the butanol aqueous solution increased above some minimum temperature as the temperature was gradually increased. Moreover, as the concentration decreased, the minimum temperature gradually decreased.

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A novel technique of non-instructive microflow control with laser-induced temperature change is described in this paper. In microscale, the scale effect in heat and mass transfer appears and phenomenon is governed by properties of fluids or devices. Generation of local distribution of property have a potential to control flow behavior in microfluids. Absorption of focused laser beam causes local temperature distribution and results in the properties change. We have developed an experimental system to induce local temperature rise in microchannel flow and to measure the velocity profile simultaneously. Velocity measurement is performed by micro-PIV (particle image velocimetry) technique. During the laser irradiation, flow velocity around the hot spot increases by approximately 15%. It is found that the principal factor of the velocity variation of microflow is the temperature dependence of liquid viscosity. Validity of the laser-induced viscosity distribution for liquid flow in microfluidic device is confirmed both experimentally and numerically.

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Rapid mixing is essential on the micro-mixer in microfluidic systems. Mixing in micro-channel relies mainly on molecular diffusion due to the laminar flow at low Reynolds number. In the traditional micro-mixer, the mixing is processed in a long micro-channel flowing with. In this study, the mixing and the transport processes are separated by switching the electroosmosis flow sequentially in the simple T-junction micro-channel. The mixing is enhanced by inducing the micro-vortex at the T-junction by the oscillating electroosmosis flow.

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The author's previous study showed that modes and magnitudes of heat input at a heater in thermoacoustic oscillators related greatly to generating of self-excited oscillation. We have carried out a numerical simulation on thermoacoustic phenomena in order to clarify the operating condition of temperature difference between both ends of a regenerator. A simple physical model in which steel wool is inserted into a test tube as a regenerator is used. Transient one-dimensional equations are solved utilizing a TVD scheme. As a result, it was found that self-excited oscillation was generated under the condition of temperature difference of 90K or above, and not under the condition of temperature difference of 60K or below. Therefore, it is considered that the numerical simulation of this study is useful to investigate the operating condition of temperature difference between both ends of a regenerator.

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A mathematical model for phase separation of a binary mixture layer subjected to a vertical temperature gradient spanning the critical temperature and initially a vertical concentration gradient was developed in this study. Then, the effects of their gradients and convection driven by chemical potential gradient-induced capillary force on the phase separation structures were numerically investigated. As a result, it was shown that a stripe, a droplet, a bicontinuous or a horizontal two-layer structure appears depending on the magnitudes of the temperature and concentration gradients and convection.

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We have investigated heat and mass transport phenomena in artificial air near the critical point to obtain a technical expertise in efficient recovering of the cold energy from liquefied natural gas or liquid hydrogen by using air. The soret effect in artificial air, which was nitrogen-oxygen binary mixture with the composition of 79.1mol% of nitrogen and 20.9mol% of oxygen, was investigated by using a single stage two-chamber cell. We obtained the thermal diffusion ratio from a series of experiments and confirmed that it assigned negative near the critical point.

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Heat transfer has been developed extensively based on energy equations elucidating detailed mechanisms of flow and thermal energy. The study focuses on an exploitation of energy equations concerning the energy conversion of mechanical work. The flows between movable parallel flat plates are discussed, in which analytical and numerical illustrations reveal the physical processes how the mechanical work is transferred and converted into and from flow field.

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