This paper focuses on a travel agency called China Travel Service, and analyzes its networking activities in Southeast Asia from 1937 to 1945. Previous studies tend to put more emphasis on its development in domestic China. However, its overseas development has not been widely investigated. This study examines the practical commercial activities and the network development of China Travel Service in such overseas countries as Singapore, French Indochina, British Burma, and the Philippines. More is revealed about the relationship between China Travel Service and overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, and the important role Southeast Asia played in the development of China Travel Service and the Chungking Government as well.

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This paper focuses on the individuals’ experience and traces the way how the government of Republic of China, formerly the Dangguo（党國）state, strengthened its relationship with organizations of overseas Chinese in Japan. Due to the onset of Chinese Civil War and confusion of Taiwan, the organization of overseas Chinese in Japan, including immigrants from Taiwan, are separated into 3 groups and according to their political positions: “Republic of China (ROC)”, “People’s Republic of China (PRC)”, and “Independent Taiwan”. The government of ROC together with Kuomintang (KMT) had to solve urgent problems such as maintaining power over overseas Chinese in its territory, suppressing some overseas Chinese who supported the PRC or Independence of Taiwan, and restoring firm relations with overseas Chinese in Japan. The author highlights the mainland-born KMT members who came to Japan via Taiwan in 1950s to 1960s. They were teachers in a Chinese school or branch officials of KMT in Japan and acted as an intermediary among the ROC government, the organizations of overseas Chinese, and individual overseas Chinese who came to Japan before 1950s. In conclusion, the author points out that the historical situation of East Asian counties during 1950s to 60s is reflected in the lives of mainland immigrants（外省人）who came to Japan during that time and that movements of people after the collapse of Japanese empire brought about a new recognition of “motherland” to overseas Chinese in Japan.

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By organizing and analyzing the statistical data provided by the Hyogo Prefecture, this paper sheds light on the occupational characteristics of the overseas Chinese in Kobe and the causes of the development of their community from 1905 to 1925. The “Imperial Decree No. 352” which was enforced starting in 1899 and its implementation regulations, the “Ministry of Home Affairs Ordinance 42”, limited the Chinese in their working beyond their settlements and areas where they shared habitation with the Japanese. These decree and ordinance also restricted them from engaging in such industries as agriculture, fishery and mining, etc. However, as it has been revealed by the analysis of this paper, the Chinese who were living in Kobe during this period, actually had more than sixty kinds of occupational status, such as that of the merchant, technician and miscellaneous family-operated businesses, etc. Among these kinds of occupational status, that which occupied the overwhelming majority was the status of “unemployed” which a times exceeded 70%. Those who were engaged in a wide variety of occupation and their families supported the lives of Kobe overseas Chinese and the development of their community.

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This paper proposes an alternative criticism for literary works created on the margins of Chinese-Filipino minor literature. Deleuze and Guattari define minor literature not as the literature of minor language but as the literature a minority makes in a major language. It can be said that Chinese-Filipino literature as well as Sinophone literature can be categorized as minor literature since both literature is created by “peripheral” English or Chinese writers. However, since Chinese-Filipino literature as a minor literature is written by writers who do not necessarily identify themselves as Chinese-Filipino, the boundaries of this definition is not always clear and can be ambiguous in terms of identification and language. Using speculative fictions, which are considered to be representations of the marginalized Chinese-Filipino minor literature, this paper analyzes the several paradoxes presented by current critics of Sinophone literature, through illustrating the asymmetrical structure found between the ideogram and the phonogram of the language. The paper also discusses the deterritorialization of this minor literature and how Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of “polyphony” is reflected at the margin of the Chinese-Filipino minor literature.

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