Poverty and disparity are two problems threatening social and political stability. So far, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has implemented the so-called "three-stage poverty alleviation policy," which are "food problem solving", "basic infrastructure development", and "poverty eradication". Currently, CPC uses targeted measures to tackle poverty. Why does CPC care so much about ending poverty in China？ This paper analyzes the political significance behind the campaign. Also, economic growth is the most powerful tool for poverty reduction, but there are limits in the areas where development conditions are not well established. CPC uses targeted measures to help those who live in the extreme poverty areas, lifting themselves out of poverty. Pairing support and relocating the poor are the most characteristic measures among the ending-poverty policies. In short, this paper views it as Chinese model of poverty reduction and disparity adjustment, analyzing the factors of the model and the policy effects.

　In this paper, we firstly survey empirical studies of disaster using cross country data in the field of economics. We particularly focus on two empirical hypotheses: one is that "there is a negative relationship between per capita income level of the nation and the scale of damage from natural disasters", and another is that "occurrence of natural disaster will lead to economic growth of the nation in the long run, although economic activity temporarily drops after disaster."

　Based on the survey of these studies, we also examine disaster studies focusing on local economy and industry which are related to the Great East Japan Earthquake. And by comparing those domestic and international studies, we explore implications for the way of reconstruction under population outflow and decrease. We are concerned about whether the local economy and industry will truly restore after the reconstruction projects will be completed.

　It is important for economists to estimate the true amount of indirect disaster damages in the long term, to analyze what kind of factor affects the inter-regional difference of disaster damages and reconstruction from there, and to find what kind of factor will be effective for economic growth and true reconstruction.

　The present essay overviews challenges of Japan government and society to deal with large scale natural disasters like earthquake and flood that have been increasingly frequent in recent years. It has been addressed that such disasters reveal inadequacy of public policies in normal periods rather than generating new problems. For instance, the government lacks mechanism of determining policy priority according to cost and effectiveness, so it cannot effectively allocate budgetary resource to the recovery use. The disaster also serves a final blow to declining business, especially small ones which would have been forced to exit. Government financial support to these business after disaster could prolong them consequently undermining business dynamism. Moreover, from macro perspective, large scale natural disaster as Tokyo mega earthquake could trigger fiscal crisis given that public sector in Japan has accumulated debt more than twice of GDP. The Japan government has aimed to enhance national resilience but the present essay argues that structural reform including fiscal consolidation should be in place to make Japan truly resilient to natural disaster.

　The purpose of this paper is to review three evaluation findings relating to the recovery and reconstruction policy from the Great East Japan Earthquake. The ambiguous policy structure was found to be the common challenge of the evaluation from the perspective of the policy characteristics. Factors for such a structure were also analyzed.

　To make evaluation of the recovery and reconstruction policy work was highlighted as difficult. The practical realities show that the evaluation of the policy was not focus on policy effects but on project implementation. The basic principle of the policy requires "adequate evaluation from the perspectives of efficiency, transparency, and priorities" in order to "implement a policy really necessary and effective." However, reflecting on this situation, the evaluation design of the recovery and reconstruction policy is still lukewarm.

　In this paper, we focus on the change in voting environment caused by the disaster, analyzing whether the number of polls decreased before and after the disaster using the data of the number of polls of the three prefectures affected by the Great East Japan earthquake (Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima).

　Specifically, we focus that the number of polls in the coastal areas of the three prefectures has been decreasing, we analyze whether the number of polls in the coastal areas of the three prefectures was reduced in the election after the earthquake.

　The result shows that the number of polls in the coastal areas of the three prefectures was reduced by multiple regression analysis using control variables indicates other factors of declining the number of polls (local government population, finance and municipal mergers). Especially, it is clarified that the number of polls in the municipality which became the evacuation area by the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was decreased greatly.

　Nonprofits have played essential roles in the disaster recovery. Many organizations were established to engage the recovery activities as well as existing nonprofits supply relief activities immediately after happening the disaster. However, they may face difficulty to keep raising the fund to provide public services after the disaster recovery phase. This paper aims to uncover who engages with what revenue sources and discuss what challenges the nonprofit organizations would face after a while, moving to peacetime. This paper finds that the newly established organizations after the disaster may raise more than one fund to implement their relief activities. Also, they tend to spend a higher ratio of current revenue for the activities. They also consider that they engage the disaster recovery as long as they can. They will have to face the fundraising difficulties to continue providing their services after shrinking the funding resources regarding disaster recovery.

　Seven years passed since the Great East Japan Earthquake struck on March 11, 2011. The stricken area is slowly recovering, and the political interest in reconstruction is gradually fading. A aim of this paper is to describe the mutual assistance environment of the nuclear refugee in 2017.

　Based on the results of our hearing survey, the residents' association in the temporary housing estates where the nuclear refugee lives in has a trouble to have few officer candidates and some of these are forced to dissolution. Those most were organized by pressure from the outside and a resident having more resources can exit earlier.

　The organization which some evacuees living in post-disaster public-funded rental accommodation （Minashi Kasetsu Jutaku） formed does not have the function of the community enough. The collaboration of them and inhabitants and them who lives in the municipality accepting refugees was insufficient, too.

　As a conclusion, their mutual assistance environment is getting worse than before. We make use of this lesson and must investigate the problem in the longterm refuge.

　In this paper, firstly I survey law and scheme of liability for damages for Nuclear power generation.

　In Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage, operator of nuclear activities are required to have rules of strict liability and responsibility concentration rule. (Article3 and 4). Therefore, government is not required liability for compensation. But in the case of the Fukushima accident, the court has issued a ruling that allows the government's liability. The reason is that the court points out predictability and avoidability.

　Secondly, TEPCO confirmed whether the liability can be fulfilled or not based on the financial situation. Confirming the financial situation, TEPCO has already been in an excessive debt situation, it became clear that it is difficult to fulfill the liability for damages at present.