With a high voltage electron microscope (HVEM), thick emulsion layers (2-12μ) containing silver halide grains or developed silver filaments in gelatin and, the defect structures in these grains have been observed. HVEM enables us to observe grains or filaments directly through an emulsion layer of 8μ thick at accelerating voltage of 1000 KV. The form of grains in an emulsion layer of 2μ thick were thus observed very clearly.
A very good image quality was also achieved on the observation of dislocations in silver iodobromide grains by the use of HVEM. Furthermore, the conversion of AgBr grains to AcI to some depth of the grain was more clearly observed.
In developed silver filaments, twin boundaries were resolved clearly.

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The reaction of typical reactive couplers carrying the dichlorotriazinyl group with polymers having the functional groups was discussed. The replacement of chlorine atom was enhanced by the presence of polymer, and the conversion ratio went up to 50 to 75%. The hydrolysis of coupler was depressed by the presence of polymer. The reaction of coupler with polymer proceeded predominantly, and 60 to 80% of coupler reacted with polymer. The introduction of the basic group into polymer raises the reactivity of polymer and that of the acidic group results in a lowering of reactivity.

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Electronic energy levels of benzimidacyanine dyes have been studied by use of HMO method. Ionization energy and electron affinity of benzimidacarbocyanine in AgBr emulsion have been estimated by use of HMO method with due regard to the polarization energy of medium, and compared with those reported by Nys on the basis of absorption peak of charge transfer complex of the dye. The discrepancy between them has been discussed. The effect of substituents on electronic energy levels of N-phenyl-benzimidacarbocyanine has been studied by HMO method, and compared with their photographic effects. On the contrary to the suggestion by Neunhoeffer and Keiler, it has been suggested that the position of the lowest vacant electronic energy levels of the dyes which are thought to be higher than the bottom of silver halide conduction band influences their sensitizing powers.

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The stability and the ζ-potential of positive silver iodide sols in the presence of a number of polyvinyl alcohols (PVAs), and the amount of the PVAs adsorbed on the silver iodide powder, suspended in the solution having the same composition as the medium of the sols, were measured. From the results obtained, the flocculation mechanism of positive silver iodide sols by PVA was discussed. The lowering of the sol stability by the flocculating action of PVA is observed over a wide range of the PVA concentrations. This flocculation is based on the strong binding between the hydroxyl groups of PVA and the positively charged silver iodide surface. The adsorption behavior of PVA on the positive silver iodide differs from that on the negative silver iodide.

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Electrical properties of Al-auramine hydrochloride-Al sandwich cell were studied. The majority carriers of the photoconduction were holes, while those of the dark conduction were expected to be electrons. Temperature dependence of the dark current suggested that transport of excess electrons does not need any thermal energy even if the electrons were self-trapped. On the other hand, two different values of activation energy, 0.764 eV and 0.435 eV, were observed in the photoconduction. The latter value coincides with the position of hole traps estimated from the thermally stimulated current.

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Spectral sensitization of a mercurous acrylate emulsion was studied by using various sensitizers; nitro compounds, cyanines, phthaleins, oxonols, acridines, phenazines and other sensitizers. Sensitivity measurements of the above 28 compounds showed that only acridine yellow was effective to extend the spectral sensitivity of the intrinsic emulsion from 340 nm to 600 m. Visible spectrum and adsorption isotherm suggested that acridine yellow adsorbed on the mercurous acrylate, as is the case with J-aggregate of cyanines on silver halides, formed the closely packed aggregates of molecules which conferred the distinguished effect on the spectral sensitization.

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