Recently beach erosion is severe on the lakeshore in Lake Biwa and beautiful sandy shores have been gradually disappearing. In order to enhance the effect of the countermeasures against beach erosion on the lakeshore of Lake Biwa with keeping excellent natural environmentand scenery it is important to utilize the protection method combining various facilities aswell as the beach nourishment instead of the old-fashioned linear method using a seawall.Furthermore the utlization of some vegetations as a way in a system for preventive measures against beach erosion is considered to be useful, since those vegitations growing near the shoreline with deep roots are effective for preventing beach erosion. This study summarizes these preventive works with utilization of natural vegetations.

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The performance of up-flow Charcoal bed contact treatment plant was experimentally investigated to determine the design-operating parameters and its proper maintenance method to ensure effective purification. Some improvements (e. g., in flow direction, and lower part of tank) have been made on this plants. In this experimental plant, polluted water runs through charcoal bed in the upward direction, which is different from conventional gravel bed contact treatmentplant, where contaminated water runs in the horizontal direction. Water-purification test, biological test, and a test on maintenance methods were conducted, with using river water and secondarily treated domestic waste water.
Removal efficiencies of BOO, SS, T-N and T-P were approximately 80%, 90%, 30% and 40%, respectively, at about 30-40 minutes of contact time. Also, it became apparent that the SS removal ininfluent part of the plant was expected to allow long-term purification without the rapid development of clogging in charcoal bed. The aeration-washing of the charcoal bed with diffuser avoidedthe deterioration of treatment performance due to the clogging. Therefore, up-flow charcoalbed contact-purification seemed to have a advantage to treat river water polluted.

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The objectives of this study are to show profiles of pollutant runoff in urban rivers and into Lake Biwa and estimate runoff pollutant load from nonpoint sources in urban areas by simulations using Macro Model. As a result of the simulations, the characteristics of pollutant runoff from urban nonpoint sources and the u it basics of nonpoint pollutants were cleared. And it was shown that the control of pollutant runoff from nonpoint sources during storm events is significant to protect water quality of receiving water. From these results, some available knowledge concerned with the environmental management of water was obtained.

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In Japan, peoples's neighboring freshwaters have been modified by the human activities, especially the paddy field expansion through more than several hundreds years. During this period, Japanese people have developed intricated freshwater culture, but this tradition has been drastically modified for the last several decades. Three generational interviewing survey was conducted to clarify the recent historical changes in aquatic-fauna and childfoodplay in the people'sneighbouing freshwater (mainly running water) around Lake Biwa in 1992-1994. The changes in aquatic fauna were occurred during 1950s and 1960s, corresponding with the decrease of the fish and invertebrates living in the hole or deep river bed and those living in running water with relatively high velosity, and also the increase of those living on the muddy bottom in shallow running water with low velosity. To catch the aquatic animals, the grandparents (born 1900s-'30s) and the parents (born '40s-'60s) enjoyed mainly by hand-catch, while the childs (born '83 or '84) did mainly by angling without touching the animals in the water, although the people of all the generations reported the catch of animals as the first joyful play in the people's neighboring freshwater. Such changes in ecological, social and cultural aspects might be correponding with the changes in the mode of reconstruction of water paths and ponds, and would affect the view of nature and culture in the future.

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These days, public access to industrial waterfront is being improved. When taking landscape planning there, we ought to consider its industrial features. This study aims to clarify the transition of civil image toward industrial waterfront along with environmental hostory, taking Keihin Industrial District as a case study. We analyzed texts, local manuscripts, literatures and art works to recognize conceptual figure of the transition of image. The transition shows three stages, positive image between when this district was founded in 1920's and when pollution problem occurred in 1960's, negative image after that, and positive in the last decade. In the first positive image, people took the industrial landscape as the formative symbol of civilization, and modernism. On the other hand, current positive image is formed with morphological interest, which is found mainly in descriptions of district. This result could offer some suggestions on its redevelopment in future.

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The aim of this study is to make clear the characteristic of the environmental living thing's in Hitachi Coast. At first, It found out that The Habitat Models of it, by analyzing the literrature, hearing and field suevey. And It classified The Marine Organisms embraces The Wild Birds in Hitachi Coast.
As a result it found out 14 patterns of The Habitat Models for Coastal Design.

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The purpose of the study is to know the visitor's evaluation of visual and acoustic environment in the river to use the planning of river environment. The survey that is to ask the visitors the evaluations of element's landscape, sound and their harmoney with place, was carried out at the four places from upper stream to the sea front on the Tama River. As the result, we found that the natural elements and human activities are evaluated good, but artifical elements are evaluated r latively worse in all four places on all scales. Sound is more effective than landscape to the evaluation of harmoney with place with the analysis of triple classification table.

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In urban rebuilding plans for the future of Kobe and neighboring cities, while disaster prevention facilities and infrastructure are to be improved by means of giving highest priorities, other objectives such as urban amenity betterment and harmonization with nature should be recognized as ones to be achieved simultanuously. After identifying problems in urban social systems which were observed in Hanshin Earthquake, the authors, first, show several criteria to estimate socio-economic appropriateness of urban development plan and indicators to determine urban standard for disaster prevention. Second, spatial patterns of infrastructure are compared in terms of reduced damages in urban disaster events, as well as urban management system to make physical infrastructures effective. Third, a three-layered urban safety management system with a functional center to serve in each community district which plays a significant role both in emergency and in daily conditions was proposed. Finally, authors examine implementation possibility of the system, based on the distribution survey of population and urban community facilities, as well as current disaster evacuaters in the eastern part of Kobe City.

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Development of environmental infrastructure is one of the most significant subjects in the current urban planning system of most metropolises, in order to restore natural entities and to reduce environmental lord. The authors investigate structure of environmental value of public gardens in cities and evaluate those values by the hedonic price approach. First, the authors show several important points and difficulties for the evaluation process of environmental goods and services. Second, the authors also show functions of public gardens which bring benefitis to urban society, as well as range of the value categories which the hedonic method is capable of dealing with. Third, land price data of three areas, namely Tarumi Area and Suma Area in Kobe City, and neighboring Nishinomiya City, are analyzed by introducing environmental variables. Several findings for the empirical usage of the hedonic price method to evaluate environmental values are described.

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Land readjustment (LR) is aimed to produce public and residencial space effectively, so is often likely to ignore the ecological space because of its un-adjustability. However recently it has been attempted to conserve, rehabilitate, restore and regenerate nature eco-systems in some land readjustment projects. In Inagawa LR, we clarified the reflection of the conservation plan of reverside forestry into LR from the viewpoint of ecological earth design and engineering, in other words, spatial and structual variety, water and green linkage, nature dynamism, and indigenous species.

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Characteristics of newspaper articles on the disputes of Nagara coffer-dam construction are dealt with in this paper. Information source and entropy hypothesis is applied to the data of newspaper articles of five popular papers. The data of two years from 1991 to 1992 are divided into those of supporter and those of oppsiter to the construction and also classified into five categories from the points of contents. Analytical results show that the difference of the information entropy is little between the data of supporter and oppositer though the latter is much larger than the former. And also the results of factor analysis clarified the trend change in the tone of arguments and characteristics in each newspaper.

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Mohenjo-Daro, the most well-known and largest ruined city of Indus Civilization, is famous for the remarkable municipal water supply and effluent disposal installations. Yet we still know little about the function and significance of the installations and also the sense of the taking a bath in the paving space, where most of archaeologists marked the place as bathroom. The attempt of this paper is to speculate the life-style of the dwellers of Mohenjo-Daro with focusing on the water facilities. From the results of the statistical analyses with respect to the distribution and connection of the wells, the paving spaces, the drains in HR-area, it was illuminated that the drains were instituted in consideration of the paving spaces rather than the wells, and some drains which ran through at the center of the home floor were associated with that the drains were not disliked facilities. The fact that almost the paving spaces are divided into two types; the paving space without drain, well and the paving space attached drain, indicated that the little water of using in the bathing was not only for washing body but also for ablution, religious customs. The study to combine the ecological systems of Mohenjo-Daro, mainly, the Receding-Flood Cultivation based on the Indus River, and the results of the statistical analyses appeared one kind of the eco-social systems of Mohenjo-Daro. In the systems, “flow of water” was the symbol of prosperity and flourishing condition and blessing, such as the city was depend on the flood water from the Indus, the bathing as “flow of water” was a kind of religious customs of worshiping the gods, and the drainage system to flow water was as well a kind of religious installations to produce “flow of water”in the whole city

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The environmental impact of traffic flows is serious problem in urban area. Speaking of road traffic noise in Kitakyusyu, only 11 per cent of observation points near trunk roads are less than the Japanese environmental quality standard in the daytime. Therefore in this paper, a method for calculating an environmental capacity to meet the Japanese environmental qualitystandards for noise annoyance is proposed. It is necessary to assign the traffic to the road network to meet the standard. And the results of an application of the method are also presented using the typical section of two-lane road.

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This study discusses a conversion problem from car into ship and/or train transportation inorder to reduce pollutant loads from the two viewpoints; one is money, the other is non-money. While the first money viewpoint has been considered by some researchers, the second non-money viewpoint is newly introduced in this study and will play much important roles in pollution problems in the near future. The proposed conversion problem is transformed into an optimization one to determine share retio of car, ship and train vehicles by non-linear programming method based on modal-shift scheme.The derived share retio of transportation vehicles achieves a resonable environmental improvement.

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Modal shift is an important policy for the reduction of the environmental load from transport sector. One possible policy is the introduction of a financial framework in which revenues of added fuel tax can be used for railway improvement. Such policies are being implemented in some countries at present.
The feasibility, cost, and effect of the proposed policy are estimated. It is found that this framework can help solve some of the problems encountered due to the implementation of current fuel tax and railway improvement policies.

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When user-charge-system for solid waste is introduced, it is natural that the motivation for reducing waste occur in many inhabitants. Authors supposed there are two types about the motivation, TYPE 1; reducing to cut down on their expenses, and TYPE 2; to preserve and protect environment. In order to maintain the effect of household's waste reduction, TYPE 2 is more desirable. In this study, authors supposed the motivation for reducing waste is closely connected with ATTITUDE FORMATION for user-charge-system for solid waste. This study attemped to analyze the relation between motivation for reducing household's waste and attitude formation for user-charge-system, based on an example in Sumoto City. The results of analysis are as follows:
(1) When a person recognizes that many people become aware of waste problem by introduction of user-chragesystem, he tends to form positive attitude for the system, and TYPE 2 occurs in him.
(2) When a person recognizes that many people make efforts to reduce household's waste by introduction of user-charge-system, he tends to form weak positive attitude for the system, and TYPE 2 occurs in him.
(3) When a person recognizes that people, but him, who have discharged a lot of household's waste make efforts to reduce waste by introduction of user-charge-system, he tends to form positive attitude for the system, but TYPE 2 doesn't occur.

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology to assess the environmental impacts of products. In an LCA the environmental impacts in all stages of life cycle of the product are taken into account. The environmental impacts in the processes of processing and final disposal of waste are however often assessed only the volume of waste. And the effect of use of recyclable materials into the products is not assessed adequately. Therefore we try to assess the effect of improvements in the recyclability of the bumper of automobile and the washing bucket of electric washing machine for decreasing of the environmental loads. From assessing the environmental loads in the life cycle of the products with the evaluation way which we suggested, it became clear that if recyclable materials are used into the bumper and the washing bucket, the energy consumption, CO2 emissions and SOx emissions in the life cycle of the products decrease.

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As the voice urging for more environmentally sound practices in industries are being heard louder, environmental auditing has been advocated as the proactive management tool to perform the task. Corporations in Japan as well as other countries are now working to form and implement environmental management and auditing systems accordingly. A questionnaire survey was conducted to find out the scope and extent of environmental auditing practice in Japan and it is shown that most Japanese companies have resources allocated for the practice but they do not have sufficient understanding concerning the formal (formally documented) objectives and policy of environmental auditing. It is found that big companies with their annual production more than ¥200 billion and other companies with less are different in terms of monetary and human resources allocation, motives of practice and the level of comparison of environmental policy with other companies. The practice of environmental auditing in Japan is greatly influenced by both the external (outside company) and internal (inside company) factors for decision-making which are inter-related.

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In order to elucidate environmental effects of golf course construction and maintenance, golfcourses in Niigata Prefecture were selected as subjects. First, newspaper articles from 1990 to 1994 werecollected and analyzed. Next, a questionnaire survey was carried out on 24 golf clubs among 40 in the Prefecture. Third, effluent water quality of a golf course was analyzed. Then, quality and quantity of chemicals used for agriculture and golf courses were compared. Last, soil amounts moved during golf courses' construction were evaluated.
As a result, it was found that residents near 14 golf courses opposed themselves to their construction, the main reason of which was the possibility of water quality deterioration. The pH, COD (Cr) and total nitrogen in the effluent from the golf course exceeded the criteria for agricultural water. The TOX was higher than that in the Shinano River water, but much lower than the chlorinated Shinano River water. It was also found that golf course construction does not always mean the increase in the amount of chemical compounds when compared with agricultural activities carried out in the same area. In contrast, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used for a golf course was much larger than that for agriculture. The soil amount moved during golf course construction amounted to 159 to 828 million m³.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the life-cycle environmental assessment of urban sewage systems. LCE (life-cycle energy) is chosen as an indicator, and energy input to construction and maintenance of water treatment plants and drainage networks is estimated. Energy required for the production of input materials, machines and equipments, and for the construction of buildings is calculated based on a standard method of input-output analysis. Direct energy input to construction works and plant operation is estimated by using the standard construction work budget estimation manual of the Ministry of Construction and the actual plant operation data for the sewers in Fukuoka City. Although the calculation does not cover the entire life-cycle and the functions of sewage systems, it reveals that about 83% of the estimated total LCE is required for the operation of treatment plants and the remaining 17% for the construction of treatment plants and drains.

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To improve water quality in the urban river which is polluted by domestic wastewater and non-point pollution loads, we must purify the domestic wastewater with sewerage system or household wastewater treatment tanks and we make self-purifying function active in the river. In addition, to reduce pollutants in the domestic wastewater, pushing citizens' actions for domestic wastewater reduction and an improvement their life-style are also needed. We carried out a questionnaire survey on the residents' perception about the river which flows in the neighborhood of their residences and their actions about a domestic wastewater reduction. Also we examined the influence of the domestic wastewater on the river environment with the simulation system for water quality control in the river basin. Furthermore, we estimate water quality in the river when above-mentioned several domestic wastewater treatment facilities are constructed in the river basin. From the result, we made the “Direction for practice of the domestic wastewater treatment plan” clear.

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We suggested current control using dispersed aeration as one of the techniques for preserving water quality in reservoirs, which is able to restrict algal bloom by controlling the current artificially. We carried out field experiments on current control using dispersed aeration in some dam reservoirs and discussed the current control mechanism.
In this report, we suggest how to simulate water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyl-a and so on by using the current movement model previously obtained, and conducted field tests to verify this model. The model is derived from improvement of the One-dimension ecological model, which is widely used to simulate water quality in dam reservoirs.
The simulated and measured water temperature and other water qualities were good agreement, so the improved model proposed in this paper can be applied to evaluate effect of current control.

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Urban storm drainage and temporary storage facilities are planned so as to lower the probability of occurrence of inundation in Japan. Decision making for the selection of inundation prevension facilities, however, should be executed based on cost-benefit analysis on damage. In this paper, an integrated evaluation method in terms of the cost-benefit analysis is proposed for inundation prevension planning. The method has three kinds of aspects: risk analysis for impairment such as delays of traffic and damage to human being and cultural assets; cost evaluation in environmental destruction; and benefit evaluation such as the increase in safety. An example on storm sewer to which this method is applied is presented. The results indicate that the net benefit by the construction of storm sewer and storage tunnel is negative as far as only direct damage to housing is considered.

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The impacts of socio-economic development on soil-ground water pollution are investigated by referring to several countries which face related problems. The study suggests an analysis system which integrates several models with a GIS as a core. These models function together to simulate ground water pollution as a consequence of development policies. As a prelude to system development effort, a prototype model for examining the dispersion of pollutants into soil-ground water is developed. An example analysis is demonstrated to show the use of the model.

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It was attempted to use life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate environmental impacts of an actual new habitation district, having a population of 9, 600 and an area of 162 hectares. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission was chosen as a global environmental impact indicator. CO₂ emission from land construction works of the district was estimated as 22 thousand ton-C by using combination of the input-output table method and the piling up method. CO₂ emission from material accounted for nearly 60% of the total CO₂ emission from the land construction works. Cement, concrete brick, and fresh concrete were major contributors to this fraction. CO₂ emission from building works was estimated as 44 thousand ton-C. Total CO₂ emission in the construction stage was estimated as 66 thousand ton-C. Annual CO₂ emission in the operating stage was estimated as 6 thousand ton-C. With photovoltaic (PV) energy system, CO₂ emission in the construction stage and operating stage will be reduced by 5% assuming 15-year period of use. In order to reduce CO₂ emission from the urban district, it is important to include other urban activities, and to estimate CO₂ emission from each cement product by the piling up method.

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The aim of this study is to examine the possible mitigation of hot summer in the Kuwait City area by the Kuwait Greenery Project which is currently formurated at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR). The method of analysis for this study utilizes a three-dimensional meso-scale atmospheric model. The numerical simulation predicts that the air temperature would be reduced by as much as 6 degrees for the greater green belt zone, and about 3 degrees for the metropolitan zone. Because of this reduced air temperature and the presence of evapo-transpiration, relative humidity in the greenery could increase considerably.

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Recently it has become important to establish the local environmental preservation level based on the Agenda 21 including the local energy system In this study we examined the improvement techniques on an urban energy system in snowy cold region. We surveyed the possibility of new urban energy system like waste heat from incineration plants and sewage plants. We analyzed the results using fuzzy utility function and structural modeling. We simulated several scenarios on the urban new energy system which can be introduced and evaluated by using cost-performance with environmental cost. We proposed the rational energy system in a residential area in Sapporo practically.

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In order to investigate technical possibilities to mitigate thermal environmental conditions in urbanized areas, this study conducts a numerical simulations based on the three-dimensional turbulence closure model of Mellor and Yamada (1974). Taking Fukuoka City as an area of case study, it analyzes the relationship between physical peculiarities of the city and its area-wide temperature distribution. Model calculations are carried out under suitable boundary conditions corresponding to the actual situation in the chosen area. The simulation can reproduce the basic thermal characteristics of the area, showing a fairly good correlation between calculated ground temperature values and the brightness temperatures obtained by remote sensing data (LANDSAT TM). Possible atmospheric temperature changes caused by hypothetical land reclamation in Hakata Bay and the construction of an inland green-belts are also tested.

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Observations were carried out to investigate effects of greening on the climate of Tama New Town. It was found that greening areas have significantly reduced the intensity of urban heat island in the town. Effects of greening on the urban heat island intensity was strongest at noon and in the early afternoon with the air temperature inside the Tama New Town Central Park was more than 2°C lower than that at the surrounding commercial or parking areas. Soon after sunset, temperature of the vegetated surface in the park became lower than that of the air and the park became a cool island. At the same time, paved asphalt or concrete surface in the town remained hotter than the atmosphere even at night. The upward sensible heat flux from the ground surface to the atmosphere together with anthropogenic heat made the air temperature in the town higher than that in the park.
A turbulent closure model had successfully simulated the heating and dynamical processes in the area. The simulation results revealed that evaporation from water and vegetated surface cooled down the surface in the park.

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The variability of surface heat flux depends strongly on the material heat absorption and rate of heat storage. Heat fluxes at the air/ground interface, the temperature in the surface and sub-surface of the various pavement were observed and analysed on summer days. It was found that the surface and subsurface temperatures of different pavement materials are significantly different from each other. Temperature at the porous and nonporous asphalt pavement at the peak hour was more than 52°C, which was 22°C higher than air temperature. Temperature of other porous and nonporous pavement such as concrete, porous concrete and porous block also reached at 50°. However temperature at the ceramic pavement is much lower than that of other surfaces and almost the same as that of the grass surface. A unidimensional model coupling with subsurface heat and moisture transfer was developed to study the thermal characteristics of porous pavement under fine meteorological conditions. Subsurface heat and moisture transfer revealed that pore volumes inside the porous pavement is very important for the transport of water vapour. Large pores inside the porous asphalt, porous concrete or porous blocks reduce the capillary pressure, consequently hinder the evaporation from the surface. Ceramic pavement materials absorb a large amount of water from the underlying soil layers due to small pores, which is turned to evaporation and released to the atmosphere.

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In this study, manufacturing sector of CO₂ emission in prefectures are categorized into 22 subgroups in accordance with meso-classification of indystry, and their emission of CO₂ are evaluated respectively in terms of original unit, volume rario and others. Manufacturing CO₂ emission pattern in five dominant subgroups, iron and steel, chemicals, petroleum and coal products, ceramic, stone and cray products, pulp, paper and paper products, are compared and discussed severally based on the calculation, the total number of industrial enterprises or production amount of each prefecture in five sub-groups.
These five sub-groups are located in Tokyo-Osaka-Fukuoka corridor. It is clear that prefectural total emission of each of five sub-groups has no relation to the total amount of industrial enterprises and production amounts of each sub-groups in prefecture. Some of prefectures in each these sub-groups have the same emission level per industrial enterprise or production amount. And the share of each these sub-groups' enterprises to the total number of enterprises in dominant prefectures of each these sub-groups is not large. But the share of each these sub-groups' product amounts in dominant prefectures is large.

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This paper deals with the life-cycle-assessment of district heating and cooling system whereby heat-pump is used to recover the thermal energy of sewage water.The amount of CO2 involved in the construction is much less than that involved in operation.It is the largest for water source heat pumping system, followed by the air source one and the “standard” DHC (with boilers and refrigerating machines). As for the CO2 during the operation period, merit is recognized more clearly for heat pumping systems than the standard system. The longer the operation period, and the higher the heat requirement, the less the overall LCCO2.

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A model based on standard input-output analysis is applied to account for the net energy consumption and the respective carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission of a country or a region using the international statistics on trade, energy consumption, CO₂ emission etc.
The results of the analysis is that the net import of embodied energy and CO₂ by industrialized countries had been increasing steadily. On the other hand, developing countries have increased their net export of embodied energy and CO₂ remarkably. Japan's net import of embodied energy and CO₂ from developing countries, especially from China, and East Asian countries is quite remarkable in response to their increased trade. Along with the reduction in the amount of direct energy consumption in industrialized countries, their net import of energy and CO₂ embodied in goods and services would further increase in future.

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Climate change impact on crops production may be one of the most serious problems in the next century. In order to evaluate this problem, we estimated potential crops yield with a model based on local climatic, hydrological and soil characteristics. According to the estimation, potential crop yield of winter wheat will decrease 7.41-16.82%, while that of maize for tropical cultivation and rice will increase 4.70-8.36%, 2.71-6.79% respectively.

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A life cycle assessment (LCA) of household waste treatment and disposal systems was carried out in terms of LCE (“life-cycle energy”). Energy required for the construction of incineration plants and their equipment was estimated based on the result of an input-output analysis. Energy consumption for garbage collection, plant operation and ash transportation was also estimated, using the actual data obtained for Fukuoka City. Then, comparative studies were made with respect to the emission of greenhouse gases (CO₂ and CH₄), assuming different combinatory systems of garbage collection, incineration and reclamation.

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In this paper, we studied the present situation of refuse recycling in Ube City and analyze the collection cost by scenario-analyses. Resource recovery has been done mainly by the volunteer works of children circles and so forth. However, the activity has been suppressed by the low price of resources nowadays. Almost 1/3 of community circles has not been involved in the volunteer works for refuse recycling. In new residential areas with many children, the frequency of the volunteer works and the recovery rate of resources tend to be high. As the result of scenario-analyses, the collection cost of refuse recycling by the municipality amounts to be 4 times of the cost for recycling by volunteer works. In case of newspaper refuse, the collection by municipality was estimated to be feasible only if the recovery rate was higher than 70%, otherwise it is more advantageous for the municipality to collect and incinerate the newspaper refuse together with garbage.

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The objective of this study is to establish a methodology of environmental resource accounting which can be practically applied to the local level. The first step of presenting such accounting is the quantification of the materials flowing into and out from the area under consideration (“urban material balance”). Here, about a half of the total material input in Japan is pertinent to construction work, and its estimation is especially important for the quantification of the material balance. From this viewpoint, the present study presents a method to estimate the material input and waste generation associated with urban infrustucture provision. Using this method, an estimation is made on the construction sector material balance of Fukuoka City.

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A preliminary survey is presented on environmental specimens preserved in Japan. Hearing through telephone following general survey by a questionaire was conducted for a detailed database on the present state of preservation of the specimens. Matrices of specimens, temperature for preservation, analytical targets, preprocessing methods, and accessibility are classified and analized.

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In recent years, a large number of pesticides have been produced and discharged into the resources of water supply. The data on their bioconcentration and excretion by aquatic lives are useful for the evaluation of their safety to man and their contamination of fishes in lake, river and sea. Fugacity model is developed for calculating the concentration of pesticides in a simple generic foodchain. Pesticide uptake efficiency from water, excretion rate, and chemical assimilation efficiency are variable as a function of the octanol-water partition coefficient, K_ow. The model indicates the significance of the growth rate and variable efficiency of uptake in calculation of the bioaccumulation factor BAF under field condition. Food chain effects are not significant up to log K_ow of-5. For logK_ow of 5-7, calculated and obserbed field concentration factors in benthic organisms indicate significant elevations above calculated field BAF value.
The analysis was made by using the data at 30 stations in the river of Fukui Pref., for the purpose of suporting the monitoring by aquatic lives as indicator for contamination of CNP and the application of Fugacity Model to the monitoring results.

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Human activity relies on the economics. As Japan has little resources, especially oil resources, so energy price has an influence on the society and the industrial world in Japan. Japanese standard of life has become higher by producing a lot of goods, apparatus, vehicles, furniture, and so on. But many goods are disposed after utilization, and the waste gives an great impact on the environment.
In this paper, trilateral relations of energy price, general consumption and waste generation are mentioned. When the energy price become higher, the waste generation is decreased. That reasons are, (1) human activities are restrained, (2) gross fixed capital formation is decreased, (3) comsumption of service sectors (i.e. little waste generation sectors) are increased. For the purpose of to reduce the waste and to improve the standard of life, we would better provide social infrastructure.

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The purpose of this paper is to find good methods to evaluate environmental improvement projects.The paper will demonstrate that we can use the combination of Contingent Valuation Method and Hedonic Approach.

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Incentives and obstacles for Japanese businesses to introduce environmental management system (EMS) was studied through questionnaire to enterprises in Fukuoka city and Kitakyushu city. It is founded that they are aware of importance of environment conservation and regard the EMS as an effective tool. They are, however, rather reluctant at environmental audit likely because it is quite unknown. Environmental education to their personnel is another issue. Enterprises do not well understand the importance, and often do not know what to do for education. It is necessary to provide further information on the EMS to deepen their understanding. Introduction of the EMS by advanced enterprises could be a good incentive for others, since it would stimulate others.

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The construction and improvement of roads result in benefits and some side effects on the environment as well. Example of such effects are noise, air pollution, Green House Effect and so on. Among them, Green House Effect is considered to be the most serious one. The aim of this research is to estimate and compare the influence of the type of road structure, for example, bridge style and open-section tunnels, on the global environment (CO₂), local environment (noise, NO₂) and space value (land value).

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In order to achieve sustainable development, establishment of environmental resource accounting systems which integrate the environment and economics is becoming important both on the national and local levels. In this study, water resource accounting system on the local level is developed, taking up the area of Fukuoka prefecture as a casestudy. The accounting system for natural water can be divided into two sub-systems. The first is the physical accounting system of water supply and demand. This sub-system aims to quantify the amount of water drawn from rivers, used for various purposes and drained out into urban sewage systems, and the associated environmental loads in terms of water pollutants. The second is the economic accounting system including the benefit and the cost of waste water treatment; the benefits of drinking water in our daily life; and amenity values of clean and fresh waters. Finally, these two sub-systems are to be incorporated. According to this idea, it is tried to collect relevant data and carry out economic valuation of water resources to the extent possible.

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For the purpose of pursuing sustainable society and its energy system, this paper discusses about the necessity of alternative approach to accomplish it, which is totally different from existing way. After pointing out a large gap between the approach against for global environmental problems which is taken in real and what shall be taken, the alternative is proposed based on introduction of Danish and Dutch approach.

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Moenjo-daro, one of the old civilizations in the world, was equipped with the perfect drainage system, wells and a great bath, which were excavated during 1920-30's, by British archaeologists, Sir John Marshall, Earnest MacKay and others. Those archaeologists supposed that these facilities associated with water had served almost same purpose as those in modern times do. However, there are many things which these hypotheses couldnot explain the real conditions. In this paper we would like to highlight the exact purpose of these water-related facilities, on the basis of hydraulic viewpoints.

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We managed one environmental event with figuratively tagging environmental resources and creating conceptualized town Images to revitalize the environmental perceptions of the MINO JC members, whose were in thirties. This project was a trial of image buildings by them. In other words this event was caused the participants to imagine the ideal town figure to live in.
In the event, after the guidance the participants were divided into four groups and went to walk around the MINO area. Whole going outside, they took some photographs of environmental resources and tagged them with funny names. Finally they drew posters which illustrate each group's conceptualized town images with those photographs and taggings. One group analogized their town image as an amusement park, in which the buildings were figuratively compared to some recreation facilities, the slide, the swing, and so on. Another group focussed on the directions of the roads crossing the city bound for the mountains and their illustraitions brought about rethinking the relation between the city planning and the topography.
As a result of this event, the environmental perceptions of the participants had stimulated and it also indicated the importance to participate the men in thirties ages in these environmental event for reactivating, who had somo kind of ability to create concept.

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The heat island is caused by 2 factors. One is a change of the urban land use, and the other is human activities like energy consumption. In this study, the authors quantified the contribution of urban land use and human activities to the heat island and evaluated the impact of land use's change and human activities' change on urban climate. Numerical simulations were practiced in the 23 wards of Tokyo Metropolis. The results are shown as follows;
The effect of anthropogenic heat on the urban surface temperature is around 1.5°C in summer and 2.5°C in winter at the most. And the urban land use effects around 1°C in both seasons.
If 20% of the whole building area turns into the park, the surface temperature will decrease around 0.5°C, and if into the water, around 1°C at the most.
If 100% of the anthropogenic heat for cooling use is decreased, the surface temperature will decrease around 0.5°C at the most.

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The landscape images are constituted by various elements which are buildings, road, mountain, river, etc. The visual environment are influence by the seconditions. The analysis of the visual environment consist of two parts. The first part is analysis of visible area. To compare the visible area, weare able to consider about the expanse of the landscape. The second part isthe analysis of the colour of visible area. The colour represent the shape ofvisible area (buildings, road, mountain, river, etc).

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The life of inhabitants was influenced by the drought and water shortage in 1994 in various places of Japan. Lake Biwa also became an abnormal water shortage and recorded the lowest water level. Then, we carefully controlled the water level of Lake Biwa and other dams. Moreover, to evaluate the influence on the environment by the drought and water shortage, we did an overall environmental investigation of Lake Biwa.
To advance‘wise use’of Lake Biwa further, These results can be used.

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