In Musashino tarrace in Tokyo, we investigated the relationships between stand floor vegetation of Quercus serrata stand, trampling pressure, cutting bush, area of stands, land use and population around the stands. Following results were obtained. 1) The stand floor vegetation of 55 investigated quadrates were divided into 6 types by the species composition. In the 2 types among thees 6, some woody plants or Pleioblastus chino var. chino grew thick in shrub layer. And another 2 types among the rest, the coverage, the species number of herb layer were the highest. At the other 2 types, the coverage and the species number of shrub and herb layer were the poorest. 2) The coverage and species number in the herb layer were poorer, and the soil herdness that indicates the trampling pressure was higher in the stands around which site were more urbanized. 3) The coverage of shrub layer was negatively correlated with the frepuency of cutting bush. 4) The influeces of the urbanization around the stands contribute to the conditions of stand floor vegetation more than those of cutting bush. And stand floor vegetation was poor in urbanized area such as ward area, Mitaka city, Musashino city.

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In order to reduce the effect of development plan to naturalenvironment, it is necessary to evaluate the ecological characteristics of spatial linkage among habitats inthe area. The evaluation system for ecological network characteristics in suburban developmentarea is proposed in this paper. Evaluation flow is established to integrate ecological andregionalinformation. The authors selected raccoon dog as a environmental index species, applied this systemin two newtown district, Abuyama Newtown in Takatsuki City and Sanda Woody Town in Sanda City, around Hokusetu area as a case study. In consequence, it was suggested that Abuyama wassuperior to Sanda in current indexes such as the percentage of green spaces, on the otherhand, the ecological network characteristics of the latter district were evaluated higher than theformer.

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Actual demands of parks by teachers and inhabitants at suburban regions were confirmed through questionnaires. Their expectation to parks is the place for ‘nature’, where wildlife inhabits. Teachers expect parks as the place for environmental education. They can not satisfy, however, the present situation of parks around them, in particular, teachers complain the species composition of planted trees. The result of actual-vegetation survey at parks shows that a half of tree species are introduced, or artificially modified plants for gardening; planted trees do not reflect regional vegetation. We propose a concept to reconstruct parks to reflect the demands of teachers and inhabitants, and the natural characteristics of the region from an ecological perspective.

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To improve the Naturally Diverse Construction Methods of river bank andriver bed for the firefly, Luciola cruciata living in mountain streams, it was important toknow the behavior of the climbing larvae of this species. The behavior of the climbinglarvae and emergence of adults of the firefly were observed at the middle reaches of the Nakazawa River which flow the Mountain Tsukuba from May to July in 1994. The larvae leaved thewater and climbed up to the river bank for pupation on the rainy nights from May to June.Walking along the stream, the sites of the climbing larvae were marked by the bamboospits. They moved earlier on the stone wall than on the low-water channel covered by plants. The density of the climbing larvae was higher in pools than in riffles. It wasindicated that the climbing larvae chose the sites of the water where they leaved for pupation. The adults firefly were collected using emergence traps at 18 points along the stream. Atotal of 23 fireflies were collected, of which 11 were from low-water channels, 6 from stonewalls, 5 from soil walls, and 2 from slopes. It was supposed that emergence traps can beused as an excellent tool for improvement of habitats of the firefly.

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We investigated habitat structure and habitat use by wintering ducks at three dam lakes in Tochigi prefecture, Japan. Ducks used the dam lakes only during the daytime and mostly spent their time resting and sleeping. They preferred dam lakes where hunting was prohibited. They also preferred to stay at open shore where they could spot approaching predators easily, and also shores facing south where wind was not too severe. They showed some feeding behavior at shores with rich vegetation. It was suggested that creating places with diverse vegetation in or near the dam lakes would improve their quality as habitat for ducks and other animals as well.

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A field survey was made on many artificially constructed Floating Islands in Japan in order to evaluate their function as habitat for birds such as nesting or resting site. We searched each island for birds' nesting activity and observed the behavior of birds on and near the island. We also collected plant samples and identified them to make the plant species list found on each island. Floating islands were classified into four basic types according to their structure and bird usage was conpared among these types. It was found that the island type B, in which the surface of the planting material was in lebel with the water furface, was suitable as the nesting place for the several water bird species, and all types of the islands were suitable as the resting place for the water birds.

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In order to conserve Aster kantoensis, the effects of local population size of Aster kantoensis on the pollinator visitation frequencies were studied in the middle course of the Tama River floodplain. The peak of pollinator visitation on A. kantoensis was between 10: 30 A. M. and 0: 30 P. M. The mean frequencies of pollinator visitation on the heads of A. kantoensis were correlated with the size of local population. The pollinator availability of A. kantoensis must be affected by the size of local population.

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This study focuses on the quantitative evaluation of the effect of environmental change caused by the river restoration work. Firstly, we investigated the fish distribution as well as the distribution of riffle-pool and attached algae in the Furukou River, Yamaguchi, in which restoration work is going on. Then we applied our former model of fish preference, including the factors of water depth, velocity, food and cover, to reproduce the observed fish distribution. The model is based on the laboratory experiments. The calculated fish distribution met the observation, but was not enough. The difference between the calculation and the observation might come from:(1) the experiences do not handle preference change according to the seasons, (2) some environmental conditions in the experiments do not represent the real river and (3) the model does not take into account the change of behavioral mode of fish in a day. Taking the third point into account, a new habitat evaluation model is proposed considering the fish home range and three fish behavioral modes of feeding, resting, and hiding. This comprehensive preference model was proved to be more effective in the real river.

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The purpose of the study is to evaluate the water quality of rivers from the view point of the human sense by image test of river water. The result indicated 1) The image of “Clear water” has less relation with the value of BOD. 2) The image of “Clear water” has strong relationship with the image of “Transparent”. 3) The image of “Transparent” has strong relationship with “Transparency by cylinder test”, and is explained by “Transparency by cylinder test” and “depth”. 4)“Water color” reflects “Clear water”.
And it's showed that “Transparency by cylinder test” is presumed from the optical absorbance of SS at 610nm, which is percolated with filter papers from river water.

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There are a number of clear reasons for researching the fluctuations in river discharge. Based on nationwide surveys, it is reported that because the seasonal fluctuations in stream-flow in some rivers have decreased, the bottom quality of the riverbeds has worsened and is exerting bad effects on the fish and other wildlife. In this paper, the purpose is to conduct research into the role of fluctuations in river discharge in maintaining and forming the river environment. First, we review the actual condition and the knowledge gained from existing research results concerning the influence exerted on the river's ecosystem by fluctuations in river discharge. Next, we present the concept of macro-habitat. We set up temporary working hypotheses concerning the influence of fluctuations in river discharge on the river environment and suggest an evaluation index for verifying them.

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Objectives of this paper are to arrange;(1) the social situation, (2) the state of municipal solid waste (MSW) management, and (3) issues and improvements on MSW in India. We visited India to first hand execute the field survey and to collect the data relating to the state of MSW management. As a result of the survey, it was suggested that;(1) the urban environment was threatened by insufficiently managed MSW, (2) in order to autonomically improve the present state, some matters, e.g. management of the labor and of the operation of collection and/or sweeping, as well as installation of a weigh bridge, seemed to be very important, and (3) to gather and compile the data on MSW management would be the most essential task for them. In addition, some new financial resources such as user charge or tipping fee should be introduced for improvement of the present state.

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For the paper recycling, various new technologies have been developed and some recycling ordinances were put into effect. These environmental countermeasures have increased the amount of waste paper collection, but have not created satisfactory demands for these collected paper and the recycled products. This study reviews the problems hindering the paper recycling and the evolution of the paper recycling market in Japan and examines the toilet roll market where recycled products compete with virgin products for the market share.
The toilet roll market in Japan had been mostly occupied by recycled products, however, share of virgin products has recently increased up to 33% in total, though they are more expensive than the recycled products. The economic analysis for this market indicates that two effects are responsible for increased share of the virgin products; the first is the consumer's income effects, and the second is drop of relative price of the virgin products due to changing the packaging forms in 1990. If decrease of relative price of the virgin products continues, the recycled products would lose market further.

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These days, the shortage of final disposal site is one of the most serious problem in Japan. Waste derived from households is to be disposed by local government and industrial waste by the sectors in the district, while the waste is released due to provide goods and services with various final demand beyond the district. This causes inter-regional environmental dependence. In this study, patterns of interdependent structure of industrial waste induced by final demand is evaluated by using Input-Output Analysis. First, the interrelation between internal and external demand in domestic 8 regions is estimated using waste intensity of each industry. As a result, various sectors' inducement in sludge waste which has great share in final disposal was observed reflecting inter-regional economic transaction. Second, reducing volume and costs of treatment and disposal of the sludge waste were examined taking consideration of polluter's pay principle.

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In order to select environmentally conscious products, LCA becomes more and moreimportant instrument. On the other hand, we do not select the goods only based on environmental facts, but on convenience or design. In this paper, we tried comprehensive assessment of products that can evaluate the products from two point of views. One is environmental point, and the other is the value of goods. By the consequence of this comprehensive assessment, we suggest a method that can spread the products which are environmental friendly and convenient.

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Total nitrogen (TN) concentration was surveyed at 31 streams in a forested mountain area (Aoya River basin; 4, 500 ha) located in the central part of Japan. A statistical analysis was applied to the TN data and the factors representing the state of the land coverage such as geologic feature, soil species, forest tree species, forest age, growth rate of trees, stem volume of trees, etc. Among these factors, the rate of the brown forest soil and the population of the deciduous coniferous forest showed a positive influence on the TN concentration. The growth rate and the stem volume of trees have a negative contribution to the TN.

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In an urban area the ratio of pollutant loads from nonpoint sources to total discharging loads is increasing. It is important to quantitatively estimate nonpoint source runoff and have accurate perspective of nonpoint source control for water quality management. Systematic researches on nonpoint source runoff and evaluation of control options, however, have not performed in Japan. Problems caused by nonpoint source pollutants are not only organic pollution or eutrophication but also environmental risk caused by hazardous chemical materials and pathogenic bacteria. Rainfall runoff is regarded as main processes of discharging materials that cause environmental risk. So, systematic investigations are needed for problem identification.
The author has estimated annual pollutant runoff loads during wet weather by simulation method using model parameters obtained from the result of analysis of field survey data. And the author has discussed control alternatives to improve urban wet weather loads. In this paper, principles and measures to control nonpoint pollutant runoff are discussed. Some simulation results have shown that it is necessary to combine some control measures, which are put into practice at different control point, to decrease nonpoint pollutant runoff. As for street cleaning, although main purpose of which is to beautify urban area, cost-effectiveness to decrease nonpoint source runoff is comparable to other control options.

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Environmental database information for this report was collected in the lower reaches of the Ashida River, which flows through the eastern part of Hiroshima Prefecture. The database information was based on the following factors: the habitat of the study area, including microscale landforms, position markers that indicate continuity with the riverbank, and land covering. The relationships between these factors were clarified through the use of overlaying. The study area was divided into 3392 land grids (10m×10m)(except open water). The various attributes of each grid resulted in a total of 36 different combination type. The most common combination type, designated Type A, was characterized by high riverbeds on microscale landforms, continuation of position, and the presence of a grassy land covering. Most visitors to this area were observed in the high riverbed region.

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Environmental data are usually observed at different locations and at different time. In this paper, we propose a new information system for the efficient integration of these data. By utilizing this system, called “multi -Dimensional GIS”, we can easily represent coastal environmental data as an integrated data-set visually. By applying this system to data obtained from Osaka Bay, we analyze the temporal and spatial variation of six water quality parameters and were able to determine several correlations.
With the use of this new integration system, regional partnerships among the various interested sectors along a coast will now be promotede for environmental monitoring and coastal zone management.

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The estuary and its adjacent coastal area is a hot spot acting as afilter as well as a reactor between land and ocean. The functions are associated with several processes suchas biological, biochemical, geochemical and physical ones. Of the biological process, nitrification anddenitrification occur both near the surface of sediments and in water column. Nitrous oxide (N₂0), greenhouseeffect gas, is one of the intermediates, in the nitrification and denitrification processes. The gasinthe atmosphere is low in concentration, about 320ppbv at present it, however, has been increasing by 0.8 ppbv annualy.
Distributions of N₂0 and other nutrients were surveyed in Hakata Bay in 1994 and 1995. N₂0 concentration rose close to the outfalls of treated waste water and up to 20μg/1 in the middle of water column inthe bay
Nutrient loading with treated waste water was very high, especially, NO₃-N wasmore than 1.0t/day. N₂O consentration in water surface ranged from 5.0 to 38μg, /l, oversaturated atalmost stations. N₂O emission rate into the atmosphere from Hakata Bay reached 16t/day.

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The relationship between the water quality of rivers and urban activities-social, economical, and natural-was investigated and evaluated. First, an equation was obtained which would estimate the BOD load of the urbanized Tama River basin by multiple regression analysis. Second, reported data of the Tama River, its tributaries and the effluents from sewage treatment plants, were used to simulate the changing process of water quality and self-purification of the Tama River. The selfpurification coefficient was also estimated. Third, several river purification scenarios were created, and the BOD load was calculated for areas without sewage systems. Changes in the BOD were calculated by the self-purification coefficient, and the cost effectiveness of each scenario wasevaluated. As a result, itwas found that the combination of a 100% propagation sewage system and the purification of the final effluent by an advanced wastewater treatment composed of a rapid sand filtration is the desired method to decrease the BOD level of the lower Tama River.

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In the urban area, there are two big issues concerning water caused by rapid urbanization, flood disaster and big demand for water. In order to prevent the urban area from flood disaster, three strategies are adopted; drainage works, storage works and infiltration functions.
In Neya River Basin, the low plain of Osaka Prefecture, is one of the areas where the rapid urbanization has been advanced. The local government has proceeded with the plan practically to prevent the basin from the flood disaster with the storage works. These storage facilities are used a few times a year, and these facilities can keep much water.
In this paper, we will discuss the method of the using the flood control facilities in Neya River Basin as the water supplying work facilities. According to the seasonal rainfall characteristics, these facilities are not used from October to May because most of rainfalls in this term are small. We suggest the method of the using these facilities as the water supplying work facilities in this term. If using storage water as the general service water, these facilities can supply more than half amount of water demand in the catchment area of underground water tank.

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If an earthquake occurred, water work system was likely to fail down mainly in transportation, and any kind of water demand was obliged to be supplied by other water sources, such as river, pond, and wastewater. These regional water sources are to be evaluated as not a flow but a stock because they are easily exhausted without additional replenishment. Although restoration of water work system would take main role of water supply for gradually increasing water demand, another way to utilize these regional water stock is required as preliminary work for emergency. However there were no discussion to compare the effect of restoration and preliminary works from a viewpoint of improving water supply reliability. This paper dealt with building an evaluation model of availability of regional water stock other than water works in case of earthquake emergency. Water demands after the earthquake are restricted to fire-fighting and domestic water use. Probability of mass balance between gradually increasing water demand and supply both of restoring water work and using regional water stock sources is defined on condition that demand and supply obey independent normal distribution. Case study shows indifference curve between the equipping regional water stock sources for emergency a priori and the restoring water work system a posterior.

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For implementing river works related with river environment, an assessment process in the planning stage is necessary when executing nature-oriented river works. The main purpose of this study is to develop an assessment method for river environment. Through workshop composed of experts on river environment, a viewpoint to identify characteristic of watershed or river environment was proposed in addition to viewpoints of the River Council in Japan. Also, the new concept of “intermediate nature” was proposed to develop a goal-oriented assessment method. The goal for river environment management is composed of 4 types of selective targets. The prototype of the assessment method applied in this study is AMOEBA method (A general Method Of Ecological and Biological Assessment) developed in the Netherlands. A case study on the T-River was carried out to realize the capability of the assessment method through problem analysis on the river environment.

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Consensus building is necessary for a dam project, although that becomes difficult gradually. For the consensus building, there exist three issues. The first is who should be qualified for the discussion of the projects significance. The second is what procedure/system is effective for it. The third is what kind of discussion are needed. For the discussion of those issues, it is necessary to grasp the typical perception of residents to the dam project.
In the present paper, firstly the residents perception to a dam project was classified. Secondly their perceptual structure which lies in the each perception and their intention to commitment to the dam project for consensus building were examined.

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Recently, Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is often applied to estimate the environmental value because of its sound and theoretical basis and its flexibility. However, the CVM presents serious difficulties due to a certain structural bias in case evaluators cannot recognize the environmental quality enough. This study aims at quantifying the bias caused by the lack of recognition towards the environmental goods and also developing a method to correct it. First, the recognition model is developed and applied to visitors to a park. Second, a new evaluation method based on simultaneous combination of the recognition model and the conventional utility difference model is proposed for quantifying the structural bias caused by the lack of recognition. It is found that people's valuation of the abundance of green shows limited bias, but that towards the water quality, visual cleanness and quietness includes significant bias.

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The aim of this study is to examine the environmental consciousness ofthe inhabitants towards an environmental improvement project and evaluate the value of environmental quality which issurrogated into the contingent value. Using Contingent Valuation N. Iethod (CVM), it is possible to assess such a value. Inview of public involvement, we suppose two different groups that are a leader group and a follower group. The formeris a group whichpromotes the environmental improvement project progressively and the latter is a group which follows it critically orcooperatively. We built a structural Model using CVNI and simulated some cases in terms of the project of the Tokachi Ecological Parkconcretely.

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The purpose of this study is to get knowledge for design of life space from a viewpoint of understanding of the living environment. We discuss here “social-exchange” and “identity.” On the social-exchange approach, firstly general view of social-exchange theory is shown. Secondly the relationship between social-exchange and community is discussed. Lastly evaluation indexes of community design by using the principles of social-exchange are given. On the identity approach, based on Imanishi's ideas on identity, the characteristics of identity in life space are defined. This study will contribute to the scientific and effective planning of identity and community.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the influence of physical conditions on the distribution of riverine plant communities. Full vegetation survey was performed in 1994 and 1997, on an alternating bar formed in a downstream reach of the Yoshino River, Shikoku, Japan. Comparison of two vegetation maps for the two years, including two woody and fifteen herbaceous communities, reveals characteristic changes of plant communities. Five factors, namely bed-level variation, absolute bed-level fluctuation, relative bed-level from the surface of low-water stream, duration of inundation and shear velocity of flooding flow, were defined and evaluated to describe the physical conditions at many reference points distributed on the bar. Community-specific spatial averages of the five factors are not uniquely related with individual plant communities, however their combinations appear to be characteristic of some ecological groups of plant communities. It is suggested that the five factors will be effective for distinguishing the physical conditions to sustain the ecological groups.

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At 15-day intervals from October 8th in 1996, we transferred Idesia polycarpa seedlings gathered from Okinawa and Mie Prefectures into three growth-chambers regulated at 10, 15 or 25°C under 24hours day length, and investigated sprouting processes of terminal buds. Concerning the treatments of 15 and 25 t, on February 10th and 25th we also transferred Okinawa and Mie seedlings into these chambers. Further, in addition to these temperature treatments, we transferred Okinawa plants into 10 and 15°C chambers on March 12th. There were the periods that terminal buds were difficult to sprout under 25°C. For the terminal buds of Okinawa and Mie seedlings, it seemed that the minimum temperature to sprout buds dropped to at least 10°C under the condition of 10°C, while under 15 and 25°C it scarcely dropped. Among 10°C treatments, however, the days required to sprout seemed to be different, which were shorter in the treatments from January 23th on as compared with those until mid-December. It shows that the minimum temperature to sprout droppped greater in the outdoor than under the condition at lot.

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The authors investigated the effect of vertical and horizontal pond structure on aquatic plant diversity in nine urban parks in eastern part of Honshu, Japan. The structural parameters that we measured were coverage of each plant species, water depth and bottom material. Water quality parameters such as water temperature, pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, suspended solid, COD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were also measured. We performed multivariate correlation analysis to examine the effect of these parameters on the diversity of aquatic plants.
The results were as follows:
(1) Most of investigated ponds were eutrophicated.
(2) The number of emergent plant species was positively correlated with the pond figure index and the size of pond, and negatively correlated with the slope of the bottom near shoreline.
Generally, each aquatic plant appeared in a particular set of habitat type expressed as the combination of the water depth and the bottom material. Technical suggestions for constructing and/or managing urban park ponds to make them better as the habitats of aquatic plants are as follows:
(1) The figure of the pond should be complex, rather than being simple figures like circle.
(2) The size of the pond should be as large as possible.
(3) Suitable bottom materials are coarse sand, fine sand, silt and clay. Each material should be used in an appropriate part of the pond.
(4) The slope of the bottom near the shore should be less than 10% and should never exceed 15%.

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It has become significant to illustrate the environmental load emissions and the costs by waste recycling system, and to improve the actual recycling processes in various industries. Objective of this study is to evaluate the carbon dioxide emission and costs in the construction processes of new and recycled pavement. Three kinds of materials (asphalt, cement, and aggregate) are put into road building. We reached the recycling effects in the carbon dioxide emission and construction costs by applying these materials to some model cases of the traffic volume. The following results were obtained in this study.(1) Recycling of pavement waste asphalt is effective for reducing 56% of carbon dioxide emission.(2) Recycling of pavement waste aggregate increases carbon dioxide emission but it is greatly effective for saving resources consumption.(3) While the recycled asphalt pavement is expected to have some advantages in reducing carbon dioxide emission and construction costs, it was founded the recycled concrete pavement to increase carbon dioxide emission and construction costs.

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This paper proposes a method for the comprehensive assessment on cross-sectional structures of inter-city motorways in terms of CO₂ emission. The index employed in this study is the “Extended Life-cycle CO₂ (ELC-CO₂)” emission from highways. This takes into account of not only the CO₂ generated by highway construction and maintenance works, but also the CO₂ emission by traffic, which varies by highway cross-sectional design. Such traffic flow characteristics as traffic flow variations and/or speed-flow relationship is also investigated, which has not been considered in the conventional studies on LCA. The CO₂ emission by highway construction and maintenance works is estimated using “combined method”, for elevated, mounded, and tunnel sections respectively. Furthermore, various cross-sectional structures by several geographical and land-use conditions are assessed, through the calculation of ELC-CO₂ from each alternative.

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China is faced with a number of environmental problems associated with industrialization and urbanization both taking place rapidly in accordance with the economic development. Worsening of environmental conditions in cities is especially serious, requiring immediate and effective measures. However, the situation differs among cities and analyses based on national averages have limitations. This paper aims in categorizing the cities into groups based on their environmental and economic characteristics, and discusses the situation of urban environment problems in China. It takes up four specific problem areas:(1) industrial pollution in terms of air and water pollution, (2) immigration to cities, (3) improvement of a urban infrastructures, and (4) household wastes. Characterization of cities are made by cluster analysis, and multiple regression analysis used to identify the factors which govern the urban environmental changes. It is suggested that the amount of foreign capital investment have a significant effect to the improvement of environmental conditions in Chinese cities.

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Study of land-use and land cover change is crucial not only for global change but also for sustainable development in local scale. This paper takes up Shenzhen city in China for a case study to analyze the relationship between rapid economic growth and urbanization which are causing significant changes in the land-use; the city has experienced very rapid economic development and environmental changes which were second to none in its speed since the late 1980s. The land-use changes have been detected based on the post-classification comparison technique in combination with the maximum likelihood classifier and probabilistic-relaxation method, using the LANDSAT MSS and TM data for the years of 1980, 1988 and 1994. The main characteristic of the land-use change in the period of 1980 to 1994 is the quick expansion of urban areas and decrease in farm land. This can be thought as the result of interaction between the driving forces such as the population growth, the foreign investment, and the industrial siting as well as the counter forces such as the traffic condition, natural condition, and land-use structure which have been subject to the special development policies applied to the area.

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The urban climate changes which took place in the Fukuoka City area between 1925 and 1988 due to the land use change was studied by numerical calculation. The three-dimensional turbulence closure model was applied for the simulation. The calculation procedures were similar to those adopted in the authors' previous study. The land surface parameters were obtained by using LANDSATTM data for 1988, while those for 1925 were determined from the old maps of the Geographical Survey Institute with the aid of GIS techniques. Model calculations were carried out for the two years using these land use and other physical parameters. The calculated temperature and wind distribution maps for the two years were compared to detect the quantitative and topographical changes in temperature distribution which were caused by the land cover changes between the two years.

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A model for the evaluation of building air conditioning energy and exausted heat from air conditioning system during sumer is developed. The purpose of the model is to study a dynamic interaction between buildings in the urban areas and outside air. Three-dimensional ensemble-space averaged Reynolds equations, continuity equation, equations for the transport of turbulent energy, turbulent energy dissipation rate and heat and moisture transfer equations in the atmosphere were numerically integrated. Forest and building canopies were also incorporated in the model by the computation of momentum, heat and moisture exchange between the canopy and the air. Especially, a volume averaging technique, which allows an accounting for the volume of urban structures in the governing equations was applied.
For the computation of the building cooling energy, the conduction heat to the building is evaluated by computing the heat exchange between building walls and roof with air in the rooms using an assumption of constant room air temperature. The total heat load in the room is evaluated by the summation of this conduction heat and other heat sources in the room, such as heat release due to machines and anthropogenic heat. The needed air conditioning electricity is evaluated by this total heat load and a coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump, defined as the ratio between the heat load, needed to be pumped out of the room and the used electricity. The outside anthropogenic heat release due to air conditioning was evaluated as a summation of used electricity and the in-the-room heat load.
The model was also used for an analysis of the heating processes and cooling energy use for a model city.

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The research was carried out to examine how paddy fields could influence to the climate in the city. In 1993, the air temperature in Satte city of Saitama Prefecture in Japan was investigated both before and after the period of irrigation to the paddy fields. Each record was transferred onto the area map by introducing appropriate isotherms to illustrate a distribution pattern of the air temperature measured. From the aerial photographs, each representative point was confined to the center of the circle with a diameter of 500m and the ratio of the area covered by paddy fields (%) was calculated. To estimate the influence of the paddy fields to the city climate, the relation between air temperature and the land covering ratio of paddy fields was analyzed by the stratified sample regression analysis. The regression equations showed that the cooling effect of paddy fields remarkably changed from before to after the irrigation to the paddy fields. The estimate effect at 10% of the paddy fields covering ratio was 0.10°C before irrigating to the paddy fields, while 0.20°C after the irrigation completed.

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This paper aims to evaluate a reduction of environmental loads (CO₂) and energy consumption by means of recycling organic by-products from food industries. In past, organic wastes from food industries was recycled as fertilizer or feed of livestock. But, now the link between the materials and energy used in each sector e. g. manufacturing and commerce, agriculture and forestry, and consumers, has been destroyed and most organic wastes has been incinerated. It is necessary nowadays to reconstruct the recycle network of organic wastes.
Firstly, the characteristics and the mount of organic wastes e. g. bean-curd refuse, soy sauce cake and crumbs of bread, from food industries is investigated. Secondly, the energy consumption by burning and by feeding the bean-curd refuse, soy sauce cake and crumbs of bread is calculated, respectively. The reduction of environmental loads (CO₂ emission) through recycling three organic wastes is calculated as 61.96, 60.16 and 79.08kgC/t, respectively. Finally, simulation has been made on how long distance the wastes can be transported in terms of some economic conditions.

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Regarding a house renovation as a waste reduction method, amount of waste reduction, other environmental loads and cost were investigated in one renovation case. As a results, 1) about 30% waste reduction was obserbed, 2) not only waste but materials and energy input reduction were obserbed by 30% and 60% for each, 3) cost was also reduced. These redults mean that house renovation is not only waste reduction but materials and energy saving method, and that it could also reduce building cost.

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This paper proposes a framework to evaluate the environmental impact potential of existing solid waste disposal sites in Japan based on characteristics of themselves and their environment. This evaluation method has two characteristics. One is to set up suitable evaluation scenarios severally based on plural standards of the evaluation, and the other is to introduce the indexes to evaluate the impact on downstream regions. We showed the case studies on solid waste disposal sites in the river system of the Lake Biwa and the River Yodo in Shiga, Kyoto and Osaka Prefectures, and We set up three evaluation scenarios;(1) it is water utility that regarded as major importance, (2) living conditions around solid waste disposal sites, (3) nature.
According to the results of evaluation based on both the characteristics of themselves and their environment, the average score of the sites in Shiga Prefecture, which have the geographical features that they are located in upstream regions of the river system of the Lake Biwa and the River Yodo, are not better than the average score of the sites in each of Kyoto and Osaka Prefectures. And we show the necessary to manage solid waste disposal sites in teams of river basins.

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This study aims at establishing a taxation system to reduce the life cycle CO₂ emission from automobile transport. In order to quantitatively estimate the effects, a model system which chases the car cohort by engine class and age is developed. It contains models which represent economic behaviors when the tax rates are changed in the stages of purchasing, owning and using of cars. By this model system, the amount of existing cars by engine class and age will be forecast and it therefore makes possible to examine the balance of rates between each stage of taxation for reducing CO₂ emissions.

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After looking over the relationship between enforcement' level of environmental policies and degradation-control expenses based on the general principle of economic development and environmental degradation, this paper establishes desirable contents of environmental policies and its management system to examine contents and enforcement' level of environmental policies of China. As a result, it points out that if some improvements in the fields of “relationship between nature and human being”, “contents of environmental policies”, and “environmental administration system” are taken place, there would be a great achievement in environmental protection in China.

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Shanghai, the largest city in China, has been experiencing an unprecedented rapid development. The object of the development is, first, restructuring the old urban district that carries many municipal problems caused by the international settlement; second, making a great commercial and economic development through the New Open Door Policy in a new financial and trade zone, Pudong New Area.
Though the Shanghai Municipal Government made great efforts to protect the environment in the process of development, the influence of the large scale exploitation makes the present condition improve little, even worse. Some new social problems have broken out through the urbanizing process. One of the serious problems is complete transfiguration around rural communities. As the removal of industrial factories progresses, the rural traditional formation has been disappearing. Besides this, many aged people compelled to remove are facing difficulties in adapting to new lives in new residential areas.
These problems give us the follow lessens:(1) Changing the environmental policy is necessary at all times as urbanization progresses.(2) It is also important to concern much about the compensation for peasants.

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Land use study is one of the important field in understanding, systematizing and laying the foundation of the ‘environment as a system’ in relation to human beings and their society. Also it is the subject of social environmental engineering that encompasses both natural and social scientific aspects.
LU/GEC (Land Use for Global Environmental Conservation) Project of NIES aimed at constructing land use prediction models for Asia-Pacific region. This article presents Indonesian results especially Jawa results using the following two principal models.
CEDEq-LU (Constant Elasticity Dynamic Equilibrium of Land Use) Model'(Sunsun 1998) can predict the future change of supply-demand relationships of land market by solving the equilibrium equations that are composed of both supply functions with land use area and land use productivity variables and demand functions with basic demand and correction factor valuables.
GT (Generalized ThÜnen) Model'(1997 a, c, 1998, Konagaya 1997a, 1998 a, b) is the extension of traditional normative ThÜnen model, the exact fundamental theory of land market, to be able to explain the real land use ratio data. This new model successfully give a exact theoretical interpretation to the intuitive picture of movement of land use frontier' such as deforestation or desertification, and enables us to predict the land use change in the future. This model tells us the realization of the land use with strong rent-bidding power.
Both models interpret urbanization processes driven by globalization as the prime factor producing land use changes. Thus, one of the environmental implication of land use is how to reconcile both globalization and sustainability: the search for land use activities with low environmental impact and high rent-bidding ability.

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Based on an overview of the main potential evapotranspiration methods, the sensitivity of four potential evapotranspiration methods to temperature in three representative river basins of different climatic and hydrological natures was analyzed. With the application of the potential evapotranspiration methods in regional hydrological models, the impact of potential evapotranspiration methods on the assessment of river runoff under climate change was studied.

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The world trade have increased 4.75 times from 1975 to 1992, naturally with which transportation of goods is also increased. It is necessary from an environmental viewpoint to grasp the amount of energy consumption for transportation of international goods. In this paper, the Asian Pacific region, which has been attaining economical development higher than other regions in the world, is taken up for case study and research about the environmental load caused by transportation of goods is performed. It refers 1975, 80, 85, 90, 91, and 92 as an object term of this research. As a calculation result, the amount of energy consumption accompanied by goods transportation with the other countries in this region is: the United States-6, 610, 000 TOE, Japan-4, 980, 000 TOE and China-1, 050, 000 TOE and so on. Moreover, the amount of energy consumption accompanied by the goods transportation in this region increased 2.9 times in the period of 1975 to 1980, 1.4 times from 1980 to 1985, and 2.1 times from 1985 to 1990.

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In metropolitan areas, the rapid urbanization has been causing major probrems at coastal zones, such as water pollution, the loss of public accessibility to the sea shoreline, and destruction of natural environment. As a result, there is a growing public concern for purification of water, promotion of public access to the shoreline, and protection of the ecological system.
In this paper, we have made three proposals for the polisy on the system of Environmental Consevation, Restoration and Development in Metropolitan Coastal Zone. The first is the polisy regarding the System of Information Exchange and Transfer of Technology. The second is the polisy regarding the New System of Planning and Project development. The third is the polisy regarding the System of Region Wide Cooperation with Citizen's Participation.

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In this study, we carried out water, energy, and mass balance analyses as an urban ecosystem for the effective management of urban environmental system utilizing statistics, census, and researches concerning these balances directed by governmental organizations. These flows generally have two sorts of subflows: natural and manmade. We differentiated and compared these two subflows in water, energy balance analyses. For the mass flow, however, only manmade mass flow, physical distribution was investigated. The analyses showed the characteristics of Tokyo Metropolis from the viewpoint of the urban ecosystem; huge amount of energy and water is intensively consumed by the densely concentrated large population and the manmade flows overwhelming the natural ones have an important role in the Tokyo ecosystem.

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The material input per unit service (MIPS) is an index for making sustainable development policy to reduce the consumption of energy and material. In this paper, MIPS evaluation, taking residential section as an object, is carried out from the viewpoint that consider urban infrastructure as final product. Firstly, the kinds of services coming from input of material in urban infrastructure are sorted out. Then, based on the assumption that sewerage system, road, building are components of residential section, the services resulting form input of material in those components and residential section are quantified, further, MIPS is evaluated. In above process, in order to grasp activity amount of facilities, GIS is used to analyze the location, scale and activity of facilities. The MIPS is estimated on a residential area in Kitakyushu City as a case study of the calculation of the MIPS for the urban infrastructure. The material input for the construction of the area are 656, 000 tons, respectively. The energy input for the construction and maintenance of the area are 243, 792 Gcal and 39, 547 Gcal/year, respectively. Number of residents and the term are calculated as services provided from the area. Based on the result, the MIPS is obtained.

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In this study, we assessed environmental impact related to cement industry, concrete industry and several industries using limestone by Material Flow Analysis. Especially, cement industry and concrete industry were assessed by Material Flow Accounting, and calcium was assessed which is principal ingredient of limestone by Material Balance Analysis. The obtained results are: Firstly, environmental impact index (DMI, HMF, TMR) related to cement industry and concrete industry was calculated from 1990 to 1994 by Material Flow Accounting. From these index, direct inputs of natural resources to each industry were found and potential of environmental impact that was caused by producing action of each industries could be assessed. Secondly, limestone flow both direct input and indirect input to cement industry and concrete industry was obtained in 1994. From this flow, utilization and consumption of limestone was found, and total evaluation of effective use of limestone was possible. Furthermore, we verified material flow analysis from the obtained result.

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