Gaskell's ‘The Old Nurse's Story’ appeared in the Christmas issue Household Words, which was edited by Charles Dickens. The end of this ghost story was criticized by Dickens. But despite his suggestions, Gaskell refused to rewrite it. No satisfactory explanation is given in two novelists' points of view. Perhaps, however, Gaskell is more concerned with a pressure placed upon women's sexuality, whileDickens pays more attention to the readers' reaction.
It is out of jealousy that Grace Furnivall reveals to her father the secret of her sister Maude's marriage to a foreign musician, and the existence of their daughter. Consequently, her father drives Maude and her baby on a snowy winter night. After their death, a ghost child tries to attract Rosamond, the descendant of the Furnivalls. Rosamond is saved by the strength of the nurse's love. At the climax, the ghosts of thechild, Maude and Lord Furnivall appear. Butold Gracedies paralyzed as the result of being obliged to watch the phantom in the terrible scene. It is in this scene hat Gaskell employs the term “phantom” instead of “ghost”.
Through the duality of the text which is organized around two oppositions, the real and the phantom, this novel involves a conflict between awoman's own impulses and male demands. Female characters are not regarded as passive objects of romantic ove.
The purpose of this paper is to reconsider The Old Nurse's Story in relation to Freudian psychoanalysis concept of libido. This reading leads us to find that Gaskell aises broader questions concerning the sexual rights of women.

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The heroine of The Garrick Year, Emma Evans, is the wife of a theatre actor, David Evans. She gets married with him not because of love but in search of danger and excitement in life. However, their married life is monotonous and not adventurous at all. She gives birth to two babies against her intention. She thinks that it is due to his carelessness. Furthermore, she feels that she has lost much through her marriage: that she has become just a housewife contrary to her hopesand expectations for the future. Just then, she gets a chance to be a television news-reader in London and he to go to Hereford to performthe main character in a play. Both insist on pursuing their careers. Finally, Emma gives up her job, agreeing to accompany him with theirchildren to Hereford. However, she gets frustrated in her desire forself-realization. She has to sacrifice her own needs owing to her husband and children. In Hereford, Emma falls in love with David's director, Wyndham Farrar. This is to compensateforherfrustrated self-realization, ersense of emptiness and her sterile marriage. However, she resists being drawn into a love affair with Wyndham due to her concern for her children and other fears. David also falls in extra marital love in Hereford. Yet, after several ordeals they try to restore their relationship because of their children. At the end of the novel, the author, Margaret Drabble, describes the scene of a sheep's belly clutched by a snake. I think the author wants to say that their peaceful married life will not continue for long. In this paper, I have mainly analysed Emma's femininity and her motherhood.

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Late in the 19th century, in an age of confusions and convulsions ofthechangefrom physiocracyto capitalism underthem achineindustry, Sherwood Anderson was born in Camden, Preble County, Ohio.
Although he got tolerable success as a businessman by availing himself of the convulsive situation of the times, the Gilded Age of American materialism, he disappeared from his office at the end of November, 1912. Found in Cleveland a few days later and developing temporal symptoms of amnesia, he was taken to a neighboring hospital. After leaving hospital he went to Chicago without going back to his own office and worked for an advertising company: that formed a fitting opportunity for him to become a writer.
He is a writer who wrote many short stories and novels, based upon his personal experience, on those who lived honestly and purely clinging to a truth deduced from their past experience in the Midwest transformed from an agricultural to an industrial state, as the subject matter. All Anderson's works contain his autobiographical elements, or in other words, he wrote about the world of imagination or that of fancy on the basis of his life.
To be more exact, the theme is common to all his works. By psychoanalyzing Sherwood Anderson I explicate what is the very theme and the real cause he could not help writing on the common theme.
Moreover, psychoanalyzing the cause of his neurasthenia will show why he relinquished his office, deserted two sons, one daughter and his wife who was attracted, well educated, refined, and why he had to choose a career in writing.

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This p aper studies closely the element of drama implicit in the desires of Blanche and the characters in A treetcar Named Desire. It is a psychoanalytical study using Freudianism and additionally brings out the theme of this drama. Blanche and Stella are sisters, but are quite dissimilar in character and a way of life. Blanche has ladylike vanity but Stella has no use for it. Stella values sexual pleasure above all with her wild husband, Stanley Kowalsky. Blanche hates Stanley as regards an ill-mannered person, but, she has a great interest in his emanating sex appeal, and carnal desire. This is called affective ambivalence.
Blanche had had promiscuous sex without love before she stayed at Mr. and Mrs. Kowalsky's apartment. There are two unquestionably deep-rooted causes for her promiscuous sex with many men. These two causes are made clear in this paper.
Mitch identifies Blanche with his mother and believes that Blanche is as good his future wife as can be. Stanley makes a public disclosure of the real condition of Blanche's promiscuous sex with many men withoutlove, becauseStanley also has agreatinterestin hercamal desire. Finally, Stanley rapes Blanche. As a result they are amply satisfied with the appetite of the flesh. However, after that Blanche is in ‘confusion’ or ‘incoherence’ and the cause that she falls into the state must be made clear in this paper. Blanche will live a happy life at a mental hospital with smiling all over her face motivated by pride and vanity.

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The main themes treated in the novels of Carson McCullers are solitude, and the pain that accompanies the loneliness of love. McCullers is a writer who explores the loneliness of man.
The Ballad of the Sad Café, published in 1951, illustrates the thought and the ideas of McCullers' well. The physical deformity of the main characters is matched by their crooked minds. Since they are physically deformed, they cannot participate in society. They are alienated from others and breed mental divergence. Being grotesque, they cannot avoid alienation and loneliness. Because of this, they ask for love. However, in the works of McCullers, loneliness will not necessarily be cured by love, either and nrequited love will heighten them solitary situation. McCullers proposes in the novel that man is not saved by love, either. The love that McCullers describes does not require to be returned. Therefore, man does not necessarily escape loneliness by love.
I analyze the meaning of the characters' grotesqueness. Moreover, I consider the cause why the main characters become “the lover” and the beloved.

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