PSYCHOLOGIA

Editorial Announcement

2007 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 1
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2007.1

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FIRST FIFTEEN YEARS OF OUR JOURNAL PSYCHOLOGIA

Noboru SAKANO

2007 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 2-4
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2007.2

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EXPERTISE OF ACTORS: THREE VIEWPOINTS IN ACTING

Hanae ANDO

2007 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 5-14
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2007.5

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Anecdotal evidence indicates that highly experienced good actors assume the viewpoint of the character, the actor, and the audience at the same time while acting. This study demonstrated this empirically and compared experienced actors with novice and intermediate actors. Twelve junior expert actors watched and evaluated 6 actors’ performances (2 novice, 2 intermediate, and 2 junior expert actors). Results suggested that novice actors could not assume, intermediate actors inadequately assumed and junior expert actors adequately assumed the three viewpoints while acting. The evidence also suggested that viewpoint of the audience was the most difficult to acquire. The process of gaining expertise and educational implications are discussed.

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YOUNG CHILDREN’S UNDERSTANDING OF SECOND-ORDER MENTAL STATES

Hajimu HAYASHI

2007 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 15-25
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2007.15

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This study examined young children’s understanding of second-order mental states, which have embedded structures such as beliefs about beliefs. Participants were 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds. First-order and second-order false belief tasks were prepared with similar structures to minimize the difference between them. The results showed that over half of the 6-year-olds were successful on both tasks, while the 5-year-olds were successful on the first-order but not the second-order false belief task. This time lag between understanding first-order and second-order mental states is consistent with the findings of previous studies. These findings suggest that information processing of embedded mental states is a significant factor for understanding second-order mental states.

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THE ARABIC LANGUAGE AND CONTEMPORARY EGYPTIAN NATIONAL VALUES: A LEXICAL ANALYSIS

Walter RENNER, Kathleen MYAMBO

2007 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 26-38
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2007.26

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Aiming at compiling a culture specific taxonomy of Arabic values, four Egyptian raters extracted 327 value descriptive nouns from a dictionary of Arabic. These concepts were rated as personal guiding motives by 773 Egyptian students at the American University in Cairo (AUC), 490 of them women. Principal Components Analysis with varimax rotation yielded six factors which explained 29.4% of the variance: I. Nobility and Compassion, II. Discipline, III. Advancement, IV. Self-Actualization, V. Belief and Commitment and VI. Counter-Culture. These factors were named and interpreted by a focus group of seven former or current AUC students. The value dimensions reflect the traditional ethic of Arabic society and focus on community related issues which are characteristic of collectivist societies.

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EFFECT OF EVALUATIVE CONDITIONING ON AFFECTIVELY NEUTRAL NONSENSE SHAPES

Mikiya HAYASHI

2007 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 39-46
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2007.39

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The present study examined the effect of evaluative conditioning on affectively neutral novel contour shapes. In the experiment, two nonsense shapes were paired with positive and negative personality traits, and were presented to participants (N = 26). These shapes and positive or negative nouns were then used as primes and targets for the affective priming procedure at stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) 300 and 1000. Results showed that, at both SOAs, positive target words presented immediately after the shape paired with positive traits and negative target words presented immediately after the shape paired with negative traits caused faster evaluation than the other combinations. These results suggest that both automatic evaluation and intentional expectation are linked with evaluative conditioning.

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ALTERATION OF INTEROCULAR SUPPRESSION FOLLOWING MONOCULAR HOMOGENEOUS STIMULUS

Kazunari IKEDA, Takashi MOROTOMI

2007 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 47-53
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2007.47

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Flash suppression is a phenomenon of interocular suppression where a monocular prime is immediately followed by dichoptic rival targets, inducing dominance of the contralateral view. Studies examining flash suppression have shown that a prime with visual features provokes feature-selective suppression. This study employed a prime lacking any features and examined the effects on visibility of the dichoptic targets. The prime (homogeneous grey field; luminance, 3.0 cd/m²) was presented to one eye alone for 1000 ms, followed immediately by dichoptic rival targets (blue vs. red squares) for durations of 10–200 ms. Visible colors were contralateral to the prime for targets < 50 ms, and ipsilateral for those > 50 ms. The results suggest that the net effect of flash suppression might be eye-specific and different from feature-selective suppression.

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A STEP TOWARD EARLY PHONEMIC AWARENESS: THE EFFECTS OF THE TURTLE TALK TRAINING

Philip B. GOUGH, Chang H. LEE

2007 Volume 50 Issue 1 Pages 54-66
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2007.54

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Phonemic awareness has been known as the most important variable for developing reading skills. Although various training curricula and programs were developed in order to cultivate the phonemic awareness, this study introduces a new phonemic awareness curriculum, called Tturtletalk training program. The principle of this program in learning is pronouncing each letter of a word as slowly as possible in reading, making a child focus on each phoneme of a word. The children trained by this program have shown better phonemic awareness test score than those trained by a current reading training curriculum. The implication of these results and the prospect of the Turtletalk program were discussed.

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