We investigated the mechanism underlying neologistic jargon in three patients who exhibited acute-phase neologistic jargon that later resolved. Regarding the recovery from jargon, Alajouanine’s three-step recovery theory is well-known. Case 1 followed this recovery course, and the outcome was atypical aphasia. The two-stage theory is considered useful in explaining the occurrence of the neologisms. The outcome of Case 2 was a condition resembling conduction aphasia. Conduction theory was useful in explaining the mechanisms underlying the clinical course in this patient. Case 3 exhibited symptoms of both transcortical sensory aphasia and nonaphasic misnaming. Neologisms including monemes and monemic paraphasia were common. The outcome was anomic aphasia. The hybrid lexical error hypothesis was useful in explaining the occurrence of these neologisms. We confirmed that the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of neologistic jargon are not uniform and are difficult to predict the courses of recovery in the early stages of the disease.

Across cultures, emotions are valued differently. In East Asia, individuals avoid extremely positive or negative emotions, while in Latin America, individuals value positive emotions and dampen negative emotions. This paper investigates how these tendencies are present in cultural products across Japan and Brazil. We analyzed the valence of the emotion in song lyrics (Study 1) and news articles (Study 2). The analysis was based on a database of 1034 words that were previously validated in terms of valence (negative, neutral or positive). Results from both studies suggest that positive words are more frequently used in Brazil than in Japan, and neutral words are more frequently used in Japan than in Brazil. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Brazilian culture is more likely to value positive emotions than Japanese culture.

In the context of reciprocity, behaving cooperatively only when it enhances one’s reputation is a strategy that brings reputational benefits at minimal cost; however, if other members of society notice an individual employing such a strategy, any accumulated positive reputation may be negated. The present study addresses the development of this social judgement by examining how preschoolers and adults evaluate agents with or without reputational management. We presented Public-only Helpers (cooperative only when they were seen) with Private-only Helpers (cooperative only when they were not seen) or Unconditional Non-Helpers (never cooperative regardless of being seen). Results showed that children less preferred Public-only Helpers presented with Private-only Helpers than with Unconditional Non-Helpers. Adults avoided Public-only Helpers irrespective of compared agents. Our findings indicate that although preschoolers’ evaluations of reputational management are not as salient as those of adults, they less prefer people who provide help to gain personal reputational benefits.