In this study, we used eye-tracking to investigate selective visual attention paid to congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech of Japanese infants (6 to 12 months old) and adults. Infants’ receptive and expressive language abilities at 12 months were measured through a questionnaire completed by their caregivers. We found that 6-month-olds looked at the mouth longer in the audiovisual congruent condition than in the incongruent condition, whereas 12-month-olds did not show any significant differences in time spent in looking at the mouth. Furthermore, the time spent looking at the mouth among 6-month-olds, in both the audiovisual congruent and incongruent conditions, was positively correlated with receptive language abilities with 12 month olds. These findings suggest that sensitivity to congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech changes during the first year, and attention to the speaker’s mouth at 6 months are good predictors of later receptive language abilities.

The present study examined the interacting effects of trait (central traits of personality: warm vs. cold) and group information (in-group/out-group categorization: we versus other) in impression formation. These effects were investigated using the subliminal multiple-priming technique, in which the four possible combinations of trait and group information (warm-we, cold-we, warm-other, or cold-other) preceded picture stimuli of a person. Participants’ overall impressions of the target person (such as good-bad and likable-dislikable judgments) were then assessed. The results revealed a significant interaction effect of characteristic and group information on the likable-unlikable rating. The prime of we-cold led to a more favorable impression than those of other-cold and we-warm. The findings suggest the dynamic interaction of inconsistent information on impression formation and the implications of the present findings are discussed.

This study explored possible paths from psychosocial (i.e., covert narcissism, loneliness, and anxiety) and cognitive (i.e., social self-efficacy and preference for online social interaction) factors to social networking service (SNS) addiction tendency. Survey data collected from 513 college students were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The final model, which included with covert narcissism, loneliness, social anxiety, social self-efficacy, preference for online social interaction, and interpersonal motives for SNS use as predictors of SNS addiction tendency, resulted in reasonable fit to the data. The results indicate that considering both psychosocial and cognitive variables as predictors of SNS addiction is an effective way to more comprehensively understand the processes through which college students become addicted to SNS. The findings from this study have clinical implications for psychotherapy with clients addicted to SNS.

Social anxiety is one of the most common anxiety disorders which negatively affect all aspects of people’s lives. The research method of this study was descriptive-correlational of the structural equation model. Statistical population included all the clients of public and private counseling centers in the city of Kermanshah (Iran). At first, 300 eligible people were selected. The selected constructs included self-efficacy, fear of negative evaluation, assumptions (cognitive), ability of cognition, negative meta-beliefs, mind control (meta-cognitive), behavioral avoidance and safety behavior (behavior). AMOS-23 software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that cognitive, meta-cognitive and behavioral factors have a direct impact on social anxiety. Also, social anxiety disorder is impacted by cognition dimensions through mediators of meta-cognitive and behavioral factors. Nevertheless, meta-cognition did not have a meaningful effect on social anxiety through behavior. The results of structural equation model showed that the cognitive, meta-cognitive, behavioral model that coordinate with the present research can predict social anxiety disorder. Structural analysis results showed that the designed model gave an adequate fit to the sample data of the present study. The developed model can improve researches associated with social anxiety disorder and facilitate clinical treatment of this disorder.