It is well known that Fukuda Tokuzo was a founder of economics and a pioneer of social policy studies in Japan. The Fukuda Tokuzo Works Collection （21volumes） is being published, enabling us to recognize the greatness of Fukuda by examining these works. In our paper, we aim to explore the social policy theories and thoughts on Fukuda and to derive useful messages for contemporary society through understanding his academic insights.

In 2020, the Japan Association for Social Policy Studies will celebrate its 70th anniversary following its reconstructing in 1950. It seems to be worthwhile referring to Fukuda as a prewar academic giant. In this vein, there are many lessons to be learned from his collected works.

The foundation of ILO in 100 years ago at the Peace Conference in Paris, and Japan’s labour policy, Fukuda’s activities, as well as Kawai’s, around 1919 and the early 1920s, will be examined. The Peace Treaty includes ‘Book 13 Labour’, i. e., Permanent organization of ILO and 9 General Principles, which was called the ‘Magna Carta for the workers’, and introduced by Fukuda into Japan, well examined by Kawai.

The International Labour Legislation Commission and its Japanese members like Oka Minoru, ILO impacts to the late-comer Japan, Labour representation problems, Article 17 of the Police Regulations, Labour Union Bills, and Social Bureau of the Home Ministry will be investigated in detail, while Fukuda and some other’s activities in these progressive years will be examined so as to shed a new light on them as legacies to the post-world war II Japan.

This paper examines factory supervisors and factory doctors involved in occupational safety and health during the interwar period when factory workers’ interest in health was increasing, and the “industrial poisoning” that was occurring at the time was increasing. I examined what kind of interest was being had in the first “occupational diseases”, focusing on the discussions at that time, which were published in “Social medicine magazines”. As a result of the analysis, the following results were obtained. Some factory supervisors started research on “occupational diseases” based on medical expertise and promoted social problems, and factory doctors were assigned to some factories, but medical treatment for “occupational diseases” The system has not been developed and the medical treatment itself has not remained. As a result, there was a difference in the perception of the “occupational disease” between the plant supervisor and the plant doctor. On the other hand, what the factory inspector and the factory doctor have in common is the look of disdain for factory workers, which is not only regarded as an object to guide factory workers, but also constantly evaluated and selected under the name of medical choice.

This study examines the process of drafting the public pension plan from the Welfare Pension Insurance Draft in July 1939 to Workers’ Pension Insurance Draft in September 1940. It draws on historical documents, such as the minutes published by the Research Institute of National Policy. The analysis focuses on pension coverage. The following three points became clear from the analysis : ⑴ Despite the fact that the coverage was targeting low-income earners, the Workers’ Pension Insurance became relevant for workers employed in factories and other facilities that employed 10 or more workers at any given time because they selected a target that could reliably collect premiums. ⑵ Worker’s Pension Insurance Draft did not provide for unemployment insurance as it was done in case of the Welfare Pension Insurance Draft because the lack of data made it impossible to make an actuarial calculation. ⑶ In the all-out war, although it was argued that wartime labor policy and economic policy, the Planning Division of the General Affairs Bureau aimed to enact a permanent public pension, true to actuarial standards.

This study examines the effects of public pensions and informal family support on poverty by using micro-data from the Comprehensive Survey of Livelihood Conditions. Public pensions are supposed to prevent poverty among the elderly and, at the same time, to make them independent from informal family support.

In this paper, we measure the relative poverty rates of the elderly by five income categories. The analysis shows that the poverty reduction effect of public pensions consistently increased from 1985 to 2015 while the poverty reduction effect of living with families decreased substantially, as fewer elderly persons living with their children. The poverty rate for the elderly in terms of disposable income has fallen over the same period, that means the anti-poverty function of public pensions for the elderly has adequately compensated for the declining ability of informal family support.

This paper first confirms the living and employment situations of disability pensioners using data from the “Survey on the Situation of Disability Pensioners” conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Second, a multivariable regression analysis is conducted on the employment situations of pensioners with disabilities. The major findings are as follows : ⑴ many disability pensioners with mental disorders receive lower pensions and incomes, resulting in low household incomes, and many of them receive public assistance benefits in addition to disability pensions ; ⑵ the rate of living with parents and/or siblings is higher for pensioners with intellectual disabilities, but their living and employment situations are similar to those with mental disorders ; ⑶ with regard to pensioners with physical disabilities, the larger the pension, the larger the income, which widens the gap in living situations among pensioners ; ⑷ pensioners with mental disorders who receive the Disability Employees’ Pension （Grade 3） are most likely to be assigned to the category of economically disadvantaged ; and ⑸ although female disability pensioners receive smaller pensions and income from work than male disability pensioners, no significant difference between the two has been found in terms of household income and receiving public assistance benefits.

Using JILPT survey data on the livelihood and employment situations of persons in their 60s, we investigate the primary determinants of early receipt of pension benefits as well as the disincentive effects on labor supply resulting from reductions in wages upon re-employment and from the income testing of wage earners who concurrently receive pensions. The main findings are : first, the employment rate decreases due to income tests by 11％ for men aged 62-64 and 23％ for women aged 60-61. However, we cannot confirm any effects of the income tests on the labor supply of people aged 65-69. Second, reductions in wages upon re-employment are also large, and reduce the labor supply of men aged 60-69 by 10％. Third, the rate of early receipt of pension benefits is 8％ higher for men who are in poor health and 14％ higher for those who are unemployed. The policy implication is that if unjustified wage reductions are improved, the result could be disincentive effects of income tests for people aged 65-69. As long as early pension benefits are utilized by the unemployed elderly for income security, then any revision that reduces rates for early pension withdrawals should be carefully considered given the risk of aggravating poverty.

Maintaining and improving the mental health of workers is an important issue in Japan. The number of patients with “adjustment disorders” has increased over the past 10 years, but the underlying reasons remain unclear. In this paper, we hypothesize that a contributing factor in “the increase in the number of patients with an “adjustment disorder” is the increase in workplace maladjustment”, and we verify this hypothesis by using international and domestic worker surveys. The results of the international survey suggest that stress from human relationships in the workplace is higher in Japan than in other countries. The domestic survey makes clear that the proportion of workers who feel that they have trouble with “human relationships in the workplace” has increased, and that there is an increased correlation with feelings of depression. It is inferred that the Japanese employment system, which is often called a “membership-type employment” system with an emphasis on “human relationships in the workplace”, is likely to bring about “adjustment disorders” resulting from stress in personal relationships.

This paper analyses policies to promote labour market participation for people with disabilities in Britain by examining the development of employment policy and social security policy.

The policy to promote employment for people with disabilities began on a voluntary basis, but the programme gradually changed to become mandatory and more personalised. In accordance with previous research, we observe that the income maintenance programme was organised into four categories : compensatory benefits, earning replacement benefits, extra cost benefits, and means-tested benefits. The criteria for earning replacement benefits shifted from disability level to work capability, while extra cost benefits divided the system for working age people. Means-tested benefits are, currently, in the process of being integrated with other benefits.

In the process of integrating people with disabilities into the labour market, it is important to note that the income maintenance system is often revised in order to fit the employment programme. Thus, this paper concludes that the employment and social security policies for people with disabilities are being tied together, and that social security benefits are being used to move employment policy toward a labour-market centered system.

This paper centers on an analysis of perceptions of power relationships among three welfare professionals, the value they on interprofessional relationships, and the kind of terminal care system they would like to see established.

The three professionals believe that it is necessary to deal simultaneously with livelihood support, health care, and medical treatment, so they emphasize a leading role for nurses, who are familiar with all three issues. On the one hand, they emphasize vital health care along with close ties with doctors before livelihood support, while welfare professionals encourage medical workers, including doctors, not to ignore livelihood support. On the other hand, as welfare professionals have difficulty communicating with medical professionals, there may be limitations to the effectiveness of team care for encouraging support for livelihoods. The interviewees therefore advocate improving the financial incentives for doctors, who have the strongest authority, to participate in care teams, creating opportunities to take livelihood support into consideration.