In 2022, 185 of the 1,058 managerial positions in the local governments of City A were occupied by women, and the proportion of women in all managerial positions was 17.5％. However, only 32 female managers were assigned to the main office where major decisions were made, accounting for only 17.3％ of all female management positions. This indicates that most female managers were assigned to professional positions or branch offices.

This study addresses the placement of female managers of City A from a gender perspective and analyzes whether the phenomenon of “women’s job” and “men’s job” has disappeared among all managerial jobs, and if not, how this division was created.

This study also shows that female managers of City A are generally placed away from “power” based on the hierarchy created by workplace practices and organizational culture even today, and that the above-mentioned phenomenon has not disappeared with the increase in the number of women managers.

This study identifies active citizenship as the rationale for restructuring the welfare state in the United Kingdom and its impact on social policy in the 1980s and 1990s. The results of this study show that active citizenship was aimed at reviving social cohesion and demanding that people have civic obligations. However, under the Thatcher’s government, individual social responsibility was emphasised. Consequently, society criticised this rationale as being close to neoliberalism. Subsequently, a committee was established in parliament to promote active citizenship, and attempts were made to reconsider the criticised concept and develop it into a policy.

This study shows that active citizenship played an explicit role in restructuring political thought from focusing on the market and state to including the concept of citizenship. Furthermore, this study reveals that various policies were developed to promote active citizenship in volunteerism and education.