Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is an energetic and green solid propellant; however, its direct synthesis is difficult and requires a precursor. Potassium dinitramide (KDN) is a precursor of ADN. The product of KDN is low because of its low reaction temperature and rate. In this paper, we identify factors that affect the yields of KDN and ADN to maximize their synthesis yields. Because nitric acid is condensed during the synthesis, the synthesis yield increases by over 93%. The optimum reaction temperature, neutralizing time, neutralized solution concentration, and maximum synthesis yield were found to be -38°C, 30 min, 50% KOH solution, and 45.04%, respectively.

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Effect of the particle sizes of the ingredients on acoustic behaviors of a pyrotechnic whistle, in which the whistle composition is composed of 30% potassium benzoate and 70% potassium perchlorate, have been investigated in the research. The range of the particle sizes of the ingredients for producing a whistling sound is examined in detail by the experiments. Further, the relationship of the particle sizes of the ingredients and the burning rate of the whistle composition is investigated. Finally, the oscillating burning of the whistle composition and the acoustic behaviors of pyrotechnic whistle are discussed in the paper.

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To investigate the combustion characteristics of an energetic ionic liquid (i.e., a mixture of ADN and HEHN), we measured its temperature variation using fine thermocouples. The results of the temperature compensation with the time constant of the thermocouple revealed that the ignition and flame temperature were approximately 140°C and slightly lower than 1700°C. This approach for temperature measure can be helpful in investigating the reaction mechanism of an ionic liquid.

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