Matsukaze Chapter of the The Tale of Genji, Hikaru-Genji made a visit to Akashi-no-kimi in Ooi. Meanwhile, Murasaki-no-ue was only able to stay at the capital, waiting for his coming back. So, before the departure, Murasaki-no-ue, by quoting the Chinese folktale-Ranka,satirized that Genji's visit would take such a long time that even the handle of an axe was decayed. The folktale Ranka tells a story about a man who visited an alien world by accident. Lingering for a short while in the alien world, he came back to the real world only to find that time flows away and everything has changed a lot. Namely, time passes slowly in the alien world. Previous studies about Ranka in Matsukaze are limited to the quotation of the story or the analysis of Murasaki-no-ue's satire at Genji. However, this thesis argues that Genji's visit to Akashi-no-kimi as a whole can be analyzed by the sense of time of the axe-handle decaying. Behaviors of those characters during this visit ― especially Genji, Akashi-no-kimi, Tou-no-chujou and one minister ― indicate their lost in the still time. Moreover, the original two-day visit was prolonged into four days, which kept the emperor and Murasaki-no-ue in the state of waiting. Genji, like the man in Ranka, lingered in the alien world, in which time flowed slowly than in the real one, and then came back. The quotation of Ranka works not only in rhetorics but also in interweaving the framework of the folktale and distortion of time into the Tale of Genji.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the time estimation differences between man and woman in adolescence. 20 subjects (10 male and 10 female) were asked to produce time estimations for five task times (15sec., 30sec., 1min., 3min., 5min.). Three measurements were conducted for each of five task times on different three days. Data were analyzed by following two ways. (1)Mean and median of three estimation times for each subject were calculated. In order to compare the time differences with man and woman, two-way(gender×task times) ANOVA and Mann-Whitney-U-tests were used. And chi-square tests were applied for frequency analysis of overestimation and underestimation. (2) The sixty time estimation measurements obtained from 20 subjects for three times on each of five task times were treated independently. And same analysis as mention above in (1) case were applied. Results revealed that there were significantly time estimation differences between man and woman in the case of (2) analysis, although no time estimation differences showed in the case of (1) analysis. This discrepancy seemed to be occurred from between-days variations of subjects. The facts that estimation times were longer in man than in woman and that much more overestimations were showed in short task time (15 sec. and 30 sec.) were discussed on the base of Matsuda’s Four Multicative Factors Model.

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At the present, the number of retailing industry and shopping street stores decline due to the presence of large supermarket and decreasing inheritor. In addition to that, flood damage can contribute to acceleration of declining, in the result many stores might be forced to close down. In particular, aging problem in shopping store is serious problem. And so, we perceive the picture of stores damaged by nature hazard and are important to support from all side. This content, we had a questionnaire for two shopping street (Sayo shopping street of Hyogo prefecture affected by typhoon No.9 in August 9, 2009, and Asa shopping street of Yamaguchi prefecture affected by Baiu front in July 15, 2010) with the aim of perceiving the states of current shopping street and give back to a community as disaster prevention measure and evacuation behavior. In the result, it figured out that answer result differed in Sayo and Asa shopping street. The factor was thought to be due to the inundation level difference. And they are important to communicate between inhabitant and government, we require thinking in conjunction with answer to aging problem in shopping store.

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This paper explains how our concept of time has to be changed once we see time not as something given and exists, but as something being created through punctuation and description. Since act of punctuation and rhythms are the basis of all time, it then becomes possible to construct a time theory according to this principle. The reason we see time as narrative is that we organize our world and environment with the way in which we describe the reality. The phenomenon of synchronicity is observed not only in human and biological arenas but also physical arenas, such as synchronizing pendulums. Using Ellis McTaggart’s well-known series of time, this paper argues that a new series of time, the E series, can emerge itself through synchronicity. The essences of the E series of time have been insightfully touched upon by artists, poets and religious masters; however, the paper aims at situating it in a scientific framework. We explain the significance of the E series and the extent to which such “living time” can be observable in contemporary worlds.

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