We manufactured three kinds of natural cellulose fiber sheets (Bacterial cellulose fibers sheets (BC-G, BC-H) of which thicknesses are 1 and 2.5 mm before the press and wood cellulose fiber sheet (WC)) for using as a row material of the dental paper point. The mechanical, moisture adsorption-desorption, expansion, and sustained-release properties of the above sheets were compared with them of the sheet (PP) obtained by flattening a ready-made paper point for dental treatment. Each tensile strength of the BC-G, BC-H, and WC was approximately 1.3, 2.2, and 2.6 times higher than the PP. Both equilibrium moisture contents of the BC-G and WC in the adsorption process were approximately 1.3 times higher than the PP. The expansion ratio of the BC-G, BC-H, and WC were about from one order to two orders of magnitude higher than in the PP and exceeded 100%. The WC was the best performance on the sustained-release.

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Rushes (Juncus effusus L. var. decipens Buchen.) are the plants of Liliopsida Juncales Juncaceae. The stalk is used as a material of the tatami, and is closely related to the life of the Japanese. Especially, the aroma of rushes is one of most popular aromas in Japan. Now, the underwater shock wave destroys the cell and the anatomy of the plant by the action of the spalling destruction. The shock wave is a high pressure that spreads instantaneously, and its destruction action is more effective than a general static pressure. As a result, the element extraction route from the inside is formed to the cell and the anatomy. Thus, treating the underwater shock wave to rushes as a preprocessing, the aroma is expected to be able to be extracted. In this research, authors report on the attempt of the aroma element extraction from rushes by the underwater shock wave loading. The detonation fuse and the electric were used as sources of 2 kinds of the shock wave.

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  For structural elucidation of native lignin, native lignins of Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Birch (Betula papyrifera marsh) and Rice straw (Oryza sativa) were converted to lignin-based polymers, lignophenols, through the phase-separation system. The lignophenols were divided into ether soluble (ESL) and insoluble (EIL) fractions. Their structural features were analyzed by GPC, UV-Vis, FT-IR and ¹H-NMR. The weight ratio of ESL to EIL from Rice straw (grass plant) was higher than those from Western hemlock (softwood) and Birch (hardwood), indicating the difference in the growth of primary lignin chains resulted from random radical coupling of precursors. The FT-IR spectra of ESL showed higher absorption at 815 cm^-1 due to C-H out of plane skeletal vibration of aromatic ring, suggesting higher frequency of grafted p-cresol, which was supported by ¹H-NMR.

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  We examined recovery of silver ion using fatty acid sodium (Soap) and heat treatment of the formed fatty acid silver (Scum) under the oxygen atmosphere. Fatty acid sodium reacted with the silver ion, and the fatty acid silver was formed in the high yield. The formed fatty acid silver was thermally unstable, and it decomposed by the heating of low temperature of about 130 ℃ under the oxygen atmosphere, and the silver was formed.
  The development of the low energy type of recycling system is greatly expected, because the silver can be by far formed in low temperature than the melting point of bulk silver.

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Lignophenol is a phenolic lignin-based polymer with 7,7-bis(aryl)propane-8-O-4'-arylether-9-ol type main structures. This polymer has been synthesized directly from lignocellulosics through the phase-separation system. In order to demonstrate both properties and mechanisms of adsorption on lignophenol and on its derivatives under heterogeneous conditions, investigations for adsorption of three cation-type dyes, Methylene Blue (MB), Brilliant Green (BG) and Crystal Violet (CV) were carried out. Both Hinoki cypress-lignophenol (p-cresol type, HCLC) and composites of HCLC with nano-sized TiO₂ particles (HCLC/ST01) quickly adsorbed these dyes. Isothermal adsorption plots for both HCLC and HCLC/ST01 demonstrated good agreements with a Langmuir plots with r = 0.991 and 0.997, respectively. These results indicated mechanism of these adsorptions followed simple adsorption mechanism with single layer on the surfaces of HCLC and HCLC/ST01. Moreover several HCLC derivatives were demonstrated different behaviors of both adsorption and desorption due to their particular structures. Especially both a second derivative-II of HCLC (HCLC170), which was derived with 170 ℃ treatment in alkaline medium, and Hinoki cypress-lignophenol (pyrogallol type, HCLPyr) demonstrated best adsorptions of MB. Besides, 40-60 % of adsorption of acetylated HCLC indicated that there at least two adsorption sites for dyes such as hydrophilic hydroxyl groups and hydrophobic aromatic groups. In addition, HCLC/ST01 released BG in organic media but other adsorbents included activated carbon has not released at all. These results indicated that control of both adsorption and desorption of various organic compounds can be carried out on demands in aqueous conditions.

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In order to investigate typical thermal responses of a phenolic lignin-based polymer prepared from softwood, Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa)-lignophenol (p-cresol type, HCLC) was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). In addition, thermomechanical analysis (TMA) was also carried out using an “advanced penetration technique” with small Al plates on the surfaces of samples in order to investigate both viscosities and fluidities over Tg temperature regions. Results of DSC demonstrated that exothermal peaks were observed near 180 ℃ region in the 1st scans. Besides, these peaks were completely vanished and Tg was observed after the 2nd scans. In these temperature regions, only 5 % of weight losses were observed by TGA. These results implied that the exothermal peaks were due to some organized mechanisms with both cleavages of main chains without random decomposition. DMA analysis also demonstrated both low viscosities under 10³ Pa-sec and 30 K higher Tg than Tg in static process. In addition, there was a good accordance between DMA and advanced TMA concerned to viscosity. Interestingly, a heated HCLC after DMA analysis at 220 ℃ under an aerobic condition, both thermal and structural properties of HCLC changed only a little. Based on these plasticities, stabilities and relative high Tg values, softwood lignophenols were expected as good plastics materials.

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When shock wave which is propagating material reaches to other material which has difference density, reflected wave, transmission wave, and rarefaction wave occurred at density interface due to difference in density between two materials. At this time, tensile force is generated at interface, and destruction and deformation of material are caused. The research about shock treatment for foods using this phenomenon is conducted at our laboratory. In this paper, Japanese radish is used as one of food samples, and this sample is treated by underwater shock wave due to explosion of explosive. Many Japanese eat Japanese radish as pickles or cooked food. It needs a long cooking time for making pickles or boiling of Japanese radish. The aim of this research is to decrease boiling time, and to increase permeability of seasoning liquid by treatment of underwater shock wave. Before and after shock treatment, hardness of Japanese radish is measured. After boiling, hardness of Japanese radish is also measured using Durometer. And these results were compared. Moreover, colored water and Japanese radish were put in a same bottle, then was treated by underwater shock wave. The degree of permeance of colored water for Japanese radish was also compared.

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  In this study, we carried out successive cleavage of three type ether linkages of lignin through the reverse pathway of lignin biosynthetic mechanism. The first step is cleavage of benzyl aryl ether and conversion to lignophenol through the phase-separation system. The second step is cleavage of C-beta aryl ether linkages by switching functions of lignophenol utilized neighboring group participation reaction under the mild alkaline condition. The third step is demethylation of the aromatic methoxyl groups and conversion to monophenols by Lewis acid treatment. Conversions to monophenols of depolymerized lignophenol were carried out using boron trifluoride. The guaiacol and p-cresol were recovered from depolymerized lignophenol quantitatively Trough these cleavage of ether linkages and conversion to monophenols of lignin, we carried out activation and depolymerization of lignin for chemical feedstocks.

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  In Japan where people like raw food of the marine products, a problem of the parasite often occurs. A similar problem occurs for feed of the dolphin that is very popular in aquarium. A parasite is contained in marine disposal of waste and feed, the method of the management is a subject. There is a guideline of the Ministry of health, labour and welfale, The information that is detailed to the parasite isn't known well. We carried out the research on the actual condition of the parasite. We tried to check about the low temperature tolerance of the parasite for usual freezing and low heat shock by liquid nitrogen experimentally.

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In the preparation process of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as biodiesel fuel by the alkaline catalyst method, FAME washed wastewater containing glycerin with high concentration is drained. Charcoal made from bamboo has been used for biological media in treatment for the wastewater. First, the coagulation-sedimentation method was applied for the wastewater, proceeded with treating with aerobic microorganisms with the charcoal. The total organic carbon (TOC) concentration and total nitrogen (T-N) concentration decreased in the treated wastewater after the flow-typed column vessel, accompanied with the color change from yellow to transparent state. The adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) concentration in the wastewater treated with the charcoal increases after biological treatment compared with in the wastewater without charcoal. Many kinds of microorganisms on the surface of the charcoal picked up from the column were observed with SEM photography. The quality improvement of the wastewater was come from increase of microorganisms in the wastewater in the column and on the surface of the charcoal, because bamboo contains a lot of micro pores suitable for microorganisms medium.

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A general atomic force microscopy (AFM) can visualize the ferritin molecule-substrate interaction directly at the single-molecule level. At present, however, it is limited by the speed at which it can successively record highly resolved images. Therefore we have studied the behavior of ferritin molecules using a high-speed atomic force microscope (high-speed AFM), which uses a miniaturized cantilever and scan stage to reduce the mechanical response time of the cantilever and to prevent the onset of resonant motion at high scan speeds. Using this instrument, we were able to achieve scan rates of up to 1 frame per second for pure fluids. In this study, we used a high-speed AFM to dynamically visualize the behavior of the ferritin molecule-substrate reaction at the single- ferritin-molecule level. We examined how long it took for the ferritin molecules to reach the substrate after they were dropped in ultrapure aqueous solution, and we also verified the effectiveness of high-speed AFM for such observation. Such direct observation is a great helpful in understanding the mechanisms by behavior of biological processes.

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Top quality thin films for different applications are always of interest. However, it is not easy to grow such films and many criteria have to be fulfilled. The degree of complexity enhances significantly for muticomponent materials such as high-Tc superconductors, giant magnetoresistive materials, heterostructures, others. This translates into a lower growth control level. Solution resides in identification of the specific details as well as of the general principles of growth and their personalized application towards preparation of optimized thin films of top quality. This is our approach and goal. Examples in this regard will be introduced with a strong emphasis on HTS cuprates for sensor applications such as those working in the terahertz domain and currently considered for construction of future “safe and secure society”.

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