The paradigm for carrying out Olympism has shifted from international understanding to cultural diversity and multiculturalism since the 1980s and is currently in a stage of diversity and inclusion. This research reviews research that has been affected by this paradigm transformation and seeks to identify research issues necessary in Japan as it prepares to host the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games.
Based on the results of this investigation, it is believed that the following four points are necessary for research in Japan.
（1）Inter-disciplinary research on the social attributes that make up diversity
（2）Research that focuses on commonalities rather than differences with regard to each social attribute of diverse people
（3）Identifi cation of social issues through the intersection of evidence relating to sports with various social statistics regarding economics, politics, education, labor, and so on
（4）Efforts to position sports within social issues by including data relating to sports and sports facilities in the social statistics of government and other bodies.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the motion of kick start and isokinetic knee strength in swimmers. This study included 11 male university student swimmers, who usually used the kick start technique. We fi lmed the motion of kick start using 3 high-speed cameras (300 scenes; shutter speed, 1/500 s). Motion analysis was performed using Frame-DIASIV System (DKH) software. The 3D coordinates of 21 points on each subject’s body were determined using direct linear transformation. Tests of isokinetic knee strength were performed using an isokinetic dynamometer (BIODEX, System 4). For each measurement, we set the angular velocity as 60, and 300deg/sec, and repetitions were conducted 5 and 15 times, respectively. In the analysis, we divided muscle strength by weight, for each participant. We used Spearman’s rank correlation coeffi cient to assess the relationship between the motion of kick start and isokinetic strength. There was a signifi cant relationship between horizontal acceleration before take-off and fl exion muscle strength of the front knee at 60deg/sec (r = 0.718) and extension muscle strength of the rear knee at 300deg/sec (r = 0.782). Similarly, there was a significant relationship between the time from the start signal to take-off and flexion muscle strength of the front knee at 60deg/sec (r = -0.651) and extension muscle strength of the rear knee at 300deg/sec (r = -0.765). There was no signifi cant relationship in the otherwise. These results suggest that swimmers with high muscle strength of the rear knee at extension can quickly move the body forward, because they can obtain a high horizontal acceleration in the acceleration phase. In addition, it is thought that this may shorten the take-off time.

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This study investigated the effects of dance activities on changes in physical selfconcept and self-esteem. The fi rst part of the research was conducted to develop a Brief- Physical Self-Perception Profi le (B-PSPP, 5-item). The B-PSPP was carefully constructed by three psychologists based on PSPP (Fox and Corbin, 1989) and administrated to 224 Japanese senior high school students (109 males, 115 females), ranging in age from 15 to 18 years old. A principal component factor analysis was conducted for B-PSPP, and one factor was extracted by Varimax rotation. The eigenvalue was 3.28, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.89. In the second part of the research, 29 senior high school students who participated in an outreach dance workshop program conducted self-rating with B-PSPP and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale at the 6th and 21st sessions. The results revealed that the participants’ physical self-concept and self-esteem scores increased signifi cantly at the second evaluation. In addition, participants who reported lower scores in physical self- concept and self-esteem showed signifi cantly increased scores on both variables. Moreover, the partial correlation coefficient between the increased scores of both variables was signifi cantly positive (r = .54, p < .01). These results indicate that the positive effects of dance activities on improvements in physical self- concept and selfesteem, and the improvement in self-esteem are related to the positively increased selfconcept of physical aspect.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the phase difference learning effect of terminal feedback with that of concurrent feedback on a bimanual coordination task. The task was a bimanual coordination sliding a periodic movement plus phase into 1/4th of a phase. Participants were divided into two groups so that there were six males and six females each group. A concurrent group could see visual concurrent feedback from a monitor during the movement every trial. A terminal group could see the visual terminal feedback after the movement on each trial. 5 pretest trials were performed. The participants carried out 45 acquisition trials (15 trials x 3 sets) for three days. 2 retention test trials were performed one week after acquisition trials. The main results were as follows:
1）2nd and 3rd days were better than 1st days, and 3rd days was better than 2nd days.
2）2nd and 3rd sets were better than 1st set.
Therefore, there was no difference between the effect of terminal feedback and that of concurrent feedback on this task.

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