The purpose of this study is to clarify that spatial structure of national land was a significant factor that made between success and failure of the relocation project of capital function, which includes headquarter ministries of the national government. The authors selected two contrasting countries: (1) Japan, which did not reach a national consensus on the relocation of central government functions, and (2) South Korea, which succeeded in implementing it. We compared the access conditions between the current location and relocated potential locations of the national governments from all different parts of the countries, and found that in South Korea’s case, Chungcheong region was advantageous to Seoul allowing the potential relocation site to be narrowed down to a single option. In contrast, in Japan’s case, no such single region could be found. We also investigated the process of debate and discussion in both countries. As a result, we confirmed that spatial structure of national land had a significant impact on success or failure of capital function relocation projects.

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The conurbations that have expanded over the past several decades need to optimize the size of their cities and reconsider interregional cooperation as the social background changes, such as increased sustainability and declining population. In this context, new-towns and rural areas on the periphery of urban conurbations, which have tended to be discussed only concerning the relationship with central urban areas, are experiencing aging and declining populations and an increase in vacant lots and vacant houses. In this study, we attempt to construct a new way of collaboration and living areas that are not bound by conventional urban logic by integrating suburban planned residential areas and farming and mountain villages as peripheral areas. As a first step, this paper will discuss the possibilities of the relationship from the perspective of residence and livelihood. Spatial statistical analysis based on the National census and human-flow data for the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe conurbation in Japan revealed a trend toward an increase in the agricultural workforce engaged in neighboring rural areas in new-towns on the periphery. In the future, it will be necessary to implement measures to improve new neighborhoods with an integrated focus on residence and livelihood.

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Innovation drives economic growth and is more crucial than ever. However, despite Japan's susceptibility to natural disasters, particularly floods, it has not been clarified to what extent innovation creation sites are at risk of stagnation due to flood inundation. This study aims to evaluate the potential risk of flood inundation on innovation creation sites in Japan, using patent application information from 1980 to 2018 as a proxy for innovation creation. By overlaying spatial dataset of innovation creation sites and flood inundation risk areas, this study conducted spatiotemporal analysis to clarify the actual conditions of flood inundation risks on innovation creation sites on a nationwide scale. Approximately 40% of innovation creation sites (267,746 of the 715,997 sites in 2018) have flood inundation risks nationwide. The Osaka metropolitan area is particularly vulnerable because of the extensive flood inundation risk areas along the Yodo River. Furthermore, the study demonstrates increasing trends in the percentage of innovation creation sites with flood inundation risks in regional areas, highlighting a potential hindrance to future regional development. Additionally, Tokushima Prefecture has the highest proportion of innovation creation sites with flood inundation risks. These results offer valuable insights for a comprehensive understanding of the innovation vulnerability to flooding in Japan and provide perspectives to improve disaster preparedness measures from an innovation viewpoint.

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Japan's population is declining and there is already little prospect of recovery. Among countermeasures to tackle with various problems caused by population decline, Municipal Membership Programs (MMPs), in which non-citizens or out-of-municipality residents are treated as " quasi-citizens" and tried to be engaged in local communities in municipalities, has emerged in many municipalities in Japan as unique initiatives. The study first categorizes MMPs that are being promoted by local governments to attract out-of-municipality residents in Japan, from the viewpoint of mitigating and adapting to the population decline. Next, the differences in objectives and contents among these classifications are clarified. The results of the analyses show that municipalities which offer membership programs primarily targeting migration, increasing rapidly in recent years, tend to be engaged in a wider range of activities and to welcome broader groups of people including younger generation than those which do not target migration.

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This study analyzes the attractiveness of commercial areas expressed by location potential considering residents’ behavior when shopping in multiple stores at a time (SMSAT). For SMSAT, a cluster of stores may be more convenient and attract more customers even if the stores are somewhat far away. In particular, in regional cities, residents may visit large suburban shopping malls (LSSMs) for SMSAT instead of visiting the central business districts (CBDs). Therefore, determining which attracts more customers considering SMSAT, the CBDs located in the center of the urban area or the LSSMs, depending on their relative location and degree of store concentration, will provide useful information for urban planning, such as the reorganization of the CBDs. To this end, this paper built a location potential model considering both the travel cost from residences to the commercial area and the circulation travel load of SMSAT. The sensitivity analysis indicated the following trends. The effect of circulation travel load is large. For SMSAT, LSSMs, with larger travel costs from the residences, are more advantageous than CBDs when the circulation travel load is considered. If the CBD can be concentrated, it can compete with the LSSM.

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Enhanced public transportation coverage and reduced travel times not only improve convenience for commuters but also contribute to a more efficient and sustainable transportation system. Both factors enable more people to use public transportation and reduce the reliance on personal vehicles, congestion and emissions. This paper aims to analyze the impact of new public transportation lines on network coverage and travel time reductions in different zones of the Greater Cairo Region (GCR), using Open Trip Planner and GTFS. The study compares the existing public transportation system, mainly relying on informal means such as "micro-busses" and limited metro lines, with the enhanced public transportation currently under development. The analysis is conducted on a grid of 1,200 origin points covering the whole city with 8 destination points resembling main zones of GCR. As a result of the analysis comparing the travel times and availability of public transportation lines serving these points considering both scenarios of the existing as well as more comprehensive system with new public transportation lines, large number of points exhibit reduced travel times, indicating that the new routes have effectively enhanced the connectivity to these areas. The travel time reduction ranged from 6 to 24 minutes, 5 to 21%, implies that commuters could experience significant time savings on their daily trips. The analysis also identifies points that remain inaccessible even with the introduction of new public transportation lines. Across all zones, there is a substantial number of points (ranging from 214 to 257) that are not accessible through either the old or new transportation system.

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Cities are responding to global environmental issues using eco-neighborhood evaluation certification systems, but main existing systems only cover a single point in time for evaluation and do not conduct ex-post evaluation in the management stage. Therefore, this study aims to consider the ex-post evaluation mechanism in the eco-neighborhood evaluation certification systems. The research method involves setting the three elements necessary for ex-post evaluation from an analysis perspective: evaluation content, evaluation body, and evaluation reflection. Then, the structure and operational status of France’s ÉcoQuartier certification system is investigated, and this system is assessed based on the three abovementioned points. The research findings show that for the eco-neighborhood evaluation certification system, it is important to have the three following elements. It (1) includes economic and social evaluations in addition to the continuous evaluation of environmental performance, (2) involves residents and managers in evaluations, and (3) should address problems based on ex-post evaluation results. Equipping eco-neighborhood certification systems with the function of promoting ex-post evaluation and improvements will make them even more useful for creating environmentally conscious neighborhoods, which will benefit not only the global environment but also people’s overall quality of life.

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Slum evictions have become a recurring problem in major cities such as Yangon, Myanmar, and the compounding effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Myanmar coup d'état in 2021 have worsened the situation. One way to take proactive measures is to join the Mae Myit Thar Project, a low-income housing scheme that provides housing by establishing a community-saving fund. This study focuses on four critical issues identified through case studies of the Mae Myit Thar project: inadequate government land supply, limited housing typologies, financial inclusivity, and opportunities for housing ownership variation. To explore potential solutions, case studies were conducted across three housing projects in Thailand. From these studies, ten countermeasures were developed, integrating governmental, private sector, and community-based strategies to tackle these challenges. Furthermore, Comprehensive interviews with stakeholders were then carried out to refine these measures for better applicability and effectiveness within the Mae Myit Thar context. Based on stakeholders’ feedback, eight effective countermeasures were identified. Recommendations were further provided to address the challenges encountered during the implementation of these measures in the Mae Myit Thar Project.

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Understanding the transition of urban forms is important for urban planing. While one of the factors promotig urbanization may be the economic transformation by absorbing labor force into the urban industries, on-going urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) may not be the case. The research attempts to understand the differences and commonalities of urbanization process and the urban forms under the different economic structures by examining the applicability of common urbanization requence proposed by the Urban Life Cycle Model. Population growth and the ditribution as well as the centrality/decentrality of sampled 9 urban areas of Asia and SSA are studied. GHSL-POP, internationally comparable data with historic data dating back up to 1975, is utilized and statistically analyzed. According to the population growth rates calculated along the distance from the urban centers, sampled urban areas are either in the urbanization or suburbanization phases. While continuous urban growth in observed urban areas is observed, the applicability of the Urban Life Cycle Model is not fully identified. With the mixture of commonalities and differences between urban areas in Asia and Africa, it is unclear whether urbanization process and urban forms under the different economic structure.

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While Europe has been experiencing a 'bicycle boom' for several years now, prompting public authorities to review their transportation plans in depth, while the ecological crisis is becoming more pressing with each passing year, prompting us to seriously reconsider our lifestyles, while the IPCC is warning on a massive scale of the absolute need for a rapid and profound shift in urban mobility, Japan seems to be following a somewhat different dynamic. Although cities such as Osaka and Tokyo are often the focus of attention, with highly efficient public transport and/or a highly developed modal share of active mobility, many of the more outlying cities suffer from a majority and growing share of car use, often to the detriment of active mobility. Cycling has indeed suffered for several years from non-comprehensive policies, often failing to take into account both the expectations or needs of users as well as the specific characteristics of the regions concerned. This paper will examine the factors that play both a positive and a negative role in the use of bicycles in Japan through a study of more than 50 towns and cities. By highlighting the characteristics of the different areas, as well as the features common to several cases, we are attempting to offer a new more comprehensive perspective on bicycle use in Japan.

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Road traffic crashes claimed 1.19 million lives in 2021, making them the leading cause of death among young people worldwide. The UN's Decade of Action for Road Safety (2021-2030) aims to halve these fatalities by 2030, yet research often overlooks low- and middle-income countries. The study highlights the urgent need for city-level analysis to address unique urban challenges, such as rapid urbanisation and inadequate infrastructure. Utilising data from 1975 to 2023, the research employs principal component analysis (PCA) and t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embeddings (t-SNE) to examine the relationships between various road safety indicators. The findings indicate a significant decline in fatality and crash rates over the past 50 years, with notable improvements in road safety performance in Japanese and Korean cities. However, regions like the Taiwanese cities and Wilayah Persekutuan (the Federal Territories of Malaysia) have seen worsening metrics, partly due to higher motorcycle usage and underdeveloped public transport. The study underscores the need for improved data collection and targeted policy measures to further enhance road safety in the region.

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Recently, traffic safety education has been recognized as a useful method to reduce accidents especially for lower grade elementary school students. The objective of this research is to investigate how children remember and how parents remind children to obey traffic rules effectively by traffic safety education at a primary school in an urban area of China. In January and February 2024, we organized seminars for a total of 181 students of first and third grade in the Second Primary School in Weihai City, Shandong Province, China. Before and after the seminar, questionnaires were conducted for the students to collect data on their attitude toward and knowledge about traffic safety, and travel behavior in their daily lives. Also, we asked the students' parents to answer some questions about current situation of traffic safety education and six licenses of children's independent mobility (CIM) allowed to their children. All the students of first and third grade were randomly divided into two groups, which were educated by two different teaching methods. It was found that the interactive teaching was more effective for students to remember how to comply with traffic rules than one-way teaching especially for first grade. By analyzing data combining students' and parents' questionnaires, we identified that the level of students' traffic safety awareness was affected by how much parents educate their children which depends on educational background of parents.

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This paper focuses on the transition of trees in Rikugien Garden, analysing the trend of tree species from the early days of its creation to the present. The research revealed that the garden was a simple garden with few trees when it was first created, but by the time of the third owner, Yoshiyasu Yanagisawa, it was a practical garden with a variety of flowers in bloom and a function as a field. In the Meiji period, trees of foreign origin were planted. It was noted that even after the garden became the property of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, new tree species were planted during renovation works. The trees in Rikugien Garden have changed significantly over time, and it seems that garden managers have done their best to create the present garden according to the owner's preferences at the time. It is expected that the trees in gardens will continue to change with the changing times. It was noted that the atmosphere of the gardens could change significantly in the future by adjusting the balance between deciduous broad-leaved trees and evergreen broad-leaved trees.

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Rapid urbanization in Port Moresby, the capital of Papua New Guinea (PNG), has transformed traditional villages into informal urban settlements. Inhabited by the indigenous Motu Koita people, these areas often lack formal planning and face challenges for sustainable development. Existing literature often overlooks the intersection of indigenous governance and Pacific urbanization, particularly in relation to clan-based land use. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the informal urbanization of Pari Village. Using mixed methods, literature review, interviews, field observations, GIS mapping, and visual analysis, the research investigates how government and local landowner decisions influence Landside (LS) and Seaside (SS) settlement patterns. The key findings are as follows: (1) Clan-based, conservative land use patterns in Pari Village remain largely intact and have persisted despite urban pressures. (2) Customary governance operates alongside, and endures despite, ongoing urbanization, helping to preserve indigenous practices. (3) Tensions persist between indigenous tenure and state planning, and these actively shape the resilience and persistence of clan structures. These findings emphasize the need for a culturally sensitive framework to modernize indigenous governance, and the study proposes policy recommendations for formalizing settlements and promoting sustainable development without compromising cultural heritage.

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This study examines the impact of ICT on urban management in Bangkok, focusing on the implementation of the Traffy Fondue platform. This study evaluates how the platform improves the efficiency of managing citizen complaints compared to the conventional 1555 Call Center and investigates the institutional changes and challenges associated with its adoption. The findings reveal that Traffy Fondue processes complaints 2.61 times more than the 1555 Call Center and reduces complaint resolution times from seven days to one or two days. The study also highlights significant institutional changes, such as simplified administrative procedures and budget allocation adjustments, to address infrastructure-related issues. However, challenges persist, including limited coordination with external agencies and gaps in ICT proficiency among staff. The study concludes that although Traffy Fondue has enhanced urban management efficiency and highlighted priority areas, addressing its operational challenges is crucial for its long-term success.

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When a large-scale disaster strikes, many victims take refuge in evacuation centers due to damage to their homes or disruption of lifelines, but there are many people such as the elderly, pregnant women, and infants who cannot easily evacuate and are forced to evacuate to their own homes. While it is difficult to provide material support to these home evacuees because their whereabouts are difficult to ascertain, they also have pressing needs, and there is a need to establish a home support system. Based on this background, the objective of this study is to obtain knowledge useful for disaster countermeasures from a comprehensive viewpoint, from the occurrence of a disaster to evacuation and support, by solving the problem of arranging shelter facilities that prioritize both shelter evacuation and home evacuation support. In this study, we use Python to solve a mathematical optimization problem to plan the location of evacuation facilities. We aim to minimize the maximum travel distance for shelter evacuees and the total travel distance for home evacuees as evaluation functions. The results showed that the optimal location for shelter evacuation and home evacuation support have different characteristics. This suggests that home evacuation support will be difficult when shelter evacuees are given priority over home evacuees in deciding shelter location and that it is necessary to consider the characteristics of each region in determining the actual location of shelters.

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