わが国において小児や妊婦の季節性インフルエンザワクチンは任意接種であるが,自治体によっては独自の助成制度を設けている.一方,自治体による助成制度の全国的な実施状況は随時把握されていない.本研究は,全国の自治体を対象とした調査を行うことにより,小児および妊婦を対象とした2019/2020の助成実施実態を明らかにした.先行研究以降,小児を対象とした助成制度は広がりが見られた.一方,妊婦に対する助成制度は限定的であった.
オリーブ樹に寄主するオリーブアナアキゾウムシは,日本におけるオリーブ栽培の最大の障害である.本論文は,実験室でオリーブアナアキゾウムシに対する忌避作用が確認された植物由来の芳香性化学物質が,オリーブ農園においても忌避作用を有することを実証した報告である.環境に優しい本化学物質をオリーブアナアキゾウムシ忌避剤として用いることにより,有害殺虫剤の使用量を削減し,総合的病害虫管理に基づくオリーブ栽培を行うことが可能となる.
本総説は,著者が実施した生薬茜草根に含有される抗腫瘍性環状ペプチドRA-VIIのアナログデザインと合成,および茜草根より新たに単離した類縁化合物から得た構造-活性相関についての知見について述べている.ペプチド化合物の側鎖構造や骨格構造だけでなく,配座構造の違いが活性におよぼす影響に触れており,異常アミノ酸を持つ生理活性環状ペプチド化合物のアナログ合成を行ううえで,示唆に富む内容である.
ESRによる活性酸素の測定では,in vivoかin vitroかに関わらず,ニトロキシルラジカルをプローブとした間接的な評価となる.このため,各種疾患と酸化ストレスとの関連を評価するためには,適切なプローブの選択や,必要に応じたプローブの修飾などの工夫が重要となる.本総説ではニトロキシルラジカルの体内動態に関する検討や,アシル保護プローブを用いた敗血症モデルマウスのin vivoレドックス評価,in vitroにおける光過敏症メカニズムの検討について紹介している.
著者は,大学卒業時に医師に処方提案ができ,患者などに服薬指導ができる薬剤師を目指していた.その目的を達成するために,新しい教育手法であるPBL・SGDなどの教育ツールを組み込みこんだカリキュラムを作成し,その有効性について評価した.また,処方提案に必要なエビデンスのための論文を多数公表した.本総説は,著者の43年間にわたる研究について述べている.
本総説は,著者の40年間の研究をもとに,植物中あるいは食品加工におけるタンニンの動的構造変化について述べている.新しい代謝物の構造決定に加えて,エラジタンニン生合成と紅茶ポリフェノール生成に共通する反応機構の発見は,植物化学と食品化学の分野で重要である.本総説に記載されている研究成果はタンニンの存在意義を理解する上で示唆に富むものである.
本総説は,添加剤としての水素添加レシチンの応用について述べている.ホスファチジルコリン(PC)を担体として固体分散体を調製する場合,水素供与基を有する薬物はPCと相互作用し,薬物含量の高い非晶質固体分散体を生成する.水素添加レシチンを用いて形成された油性ゲル中に薬物は可溶化・過飽和状態となり,これにより薬物の皮膚透過が促進される。また,薬物の皮膚透過に対する種々の油の効果についても言及されている.
This review article describes inhibitors of enzymes involved in the epigenetic processes, e.g., DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases, increase expression of drug metabolizing cytochrome P-450s (CYPs) 1B1 and 3A4.It also describes alteration of gene regulation of CYP1 family enzymes through aryl hydrocarbon receptors in three dimensional cultures of human solid cancer cells. As changes in gene expression by epigenetic inhibitors accompany increased cancer drug sensitivities, relationship between cellular drug sensitivities and cell environments seems worth to be investigated.
This narrative review comprehensively clarified the current status and issues of scientific evidence for functionality in the Foods with Function Claims system based on previous research. Systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in notification often have low-quality notifications. Therefore, the author reports that it is necessary to correctly communicate this information to consumers in order to make appropriate purchasing decisions.
With the change in the qualifications for the national pharmacist
examination, the education in the pharmaceutical department is currently
undergoing a major turning point. These articles are presented a summary of
nine of the speakers at a symposium entitled ” Where is the education in pharmaceutical sciences headed for the
development of new human resources in the 21st century?” All of the papers
will be helpful for the direction of pharmacy education in the future.
This review describes aging studies employing in vitro animal cell cultures, on which the author has been working for more than 40 years after pharmacist education and then cell biology researches. The author started observation and comparison as the cell undergoes aging, proceeded to analysis of cell surface components, and discovered novel adaptor proteins and intracellular signaling for the control of senescence. The presentation here would be appropriate introduction to the cellular aging for researchers with pharmaceutical or biological interest.
Barley tea (Mugicha) is recognized as a reliable alternative to drinking water even for infants and elderly individuals to quench thirst and maintain hydration throughout the year. This author investigated the application of barley tea as a functional food, and found novel anti-thrombotic effects using fibrin plate method. In this study, Mugicha extract and its simulated digestate exhibited the fibrinolysis enhancing activity in vitro. The results of this study suggest the potential use of barley extract as a functional food.
This is the first report of myositis caused by gefitinib. Myositis has been reported with only osimertinib among epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this report, the detailed course of gefitinib-induced myositis, including changes in creatine kinase levels was described. In addition, this case was compared with the case of osimertinib previously reported regarding the timing and severity of onset. This report is helpful for gefitinib treatment.
The author, a natural product chemist and prolific author, has conducted significant phytochemical research and the discovery of new antibiotics. His classification of naturally occurring alkaloids into 16 categories according to their biosynthetic pathways is a highly significant achievement. He has written many books related to poisons and medicines, and disclosed the fundamental relationship between "Taketori-Monogatari" and "Shosoin-Drugs (poisons)" through extensive literature research. Cumulatively, these are extremely profound research and scholarly contributions to science and society.
There are many lectures for the regional community residents as with the aim of promoting appreciate use of medications. The authors’ activity is characterized as consisting of combined lectures and practices by pharmacists. This activity indicated that it improved the basic medicine-related knowledge of the regional community residents among a wide range of age groups. The authors’ activity leads to the development of regional community activity, by the coming together of the regional community residents of various age.
Chemical bonds are drawn as lines connecting atoms to atoms. Even chemical bonds represented by uniform lines have various properties depending on the arrangement of the surrounding atoms. When the lines are formed by nitrogen atoms, several characteristic chemical bonds were observed. The nature of these characteristic chemical bonds depends on the overall structure of the molecule. This review also explains how new chemical bonds have led to the creation of new functions, such as biological activity.
This study developed a practice model of pharmacists in pediatric homecare medicine by the data analyzed using the M-GTA. This analysis generated 8 categories and 21 concepts, including the two concepts of “optimization of prescription and device selection to enable the hospital-to-home transition” and “optimization of prescription and device selection for ensuring patient safety” form the core of clinical decision making in the pharmacotherapy management process. These results could be helpful in the education of pharmacists in pediatric homecare medicine.
Multiple good manufacturing practice (GMP) incompliance and inappropriate quality cases of generic pharmaceuticals surfaced from 2020 led to a serious and long-term shortage of the products at medical institutions in Japan. This review overviewed the causes of drug shortages and introduced measures taken by marketing/manufacturing authorization holders (MAH), industry groups, and governments to improve manufacturing management. Inadequate formulation and process design at the time of development as a possible root cause was also discussed.
Sandhoff disease (SD) is a glycosphingolipid storage disease resulting from a genetic mutation in HEXB and associated deficiency in β-hexosaminidase activity. To examine abnormal neuronal lineage differentiation and development during the asymptomatic phase of SD, authors used iPS cells derived from Hexb-knockout mice (SD-iPSCs). Differentiation ability along the time axis appears to be altered in SD-iPSCs, in which neural stem cells acquire late developmental properties at an early stage. Their findings provide new insights into the complex pathogenesis of SD.
Green tea components, such as catechins are reported to have anti- viral/bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental studies. This review demonstrated the clinical significance of green tea focusing on the respiratory tract infections based on their clinical studies. Consuming or gargling green tea or its components significantly aided in the prevention of influenza. Catechin inhalation also decreased the bacterial load of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Although the clinical evidence remains limited, further studies are expected to clarify the clinical efficacy.