Background
Recurrence of lung cancer after surgical resection is a major obstacle in the cure and long-term survival of patients and has become the most common cause of death. However, prognostic factors and efficacy of therapy after recurrence remain controversial. We evaluated the prognostic factors of post recurrence survival (PRS) in patients of resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Methods
Of the 551 patients who underwent surgery for stage I NSCLC between 2005 and 2013, we reviewed 89 (16.2%) patients who had recurrence. We examined PRS using the Kaplan–Meier method and multivariate Cox regression analyses.
Results
The median follow-up period after recurrence was 21.0 months. The median recurrence free interval (RFI) was 16.8 months. The 1-year PRS and 3-year PRS were 65.6% and 44.7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that size of primary lesion > 25 mm (P = 0.048), RFI ≤ 17 months (P = 0.048) and no treatment for recurrence (P < 0.001) were independent poor-prognosis factors of PRS. We further examined PRS in 66 patients who underwent any post recurrence therapy. For the patients who underwent treatment after recurrence, bone metastasis (P = 0.025) and treatment without epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) (P = 0.049) were independent poor prognostic factors.
Conclusion
PRS may be associated with characteristics of a recurrent lesion, including the biology of the recurrent tumor, RFI, recurrent site, the treatment for recurrence, rather than characteristics of primary lesion. Although further validation is needed, this information is important for the design of clinical trials for post-recurrence therapy.

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Background
Ultrasonographic homogeneity is an important differential finding between Warthin tumor and pleomorphic adenoma, two types of benign parotid gland tumors, with the former likely to be heterogeneous and the latter homogeneous. However, differences in the performance of ultrasound machines or the homogeneity cut-off level affect the judgment of ultrasonographic homogeneity. Therefore, in this study, we adopted a novel system for classifying the composition of tumors via ultrasonography, using anechoic area as a substitute for differences in homogeneity to differentiate between Warthin tumors and pleomorphic adenomas.
Methods
We evaluated 68 tumors that were histopathologically diagnosed as Warthin tumor or pleomorphic adenoma between July 2009 and November 2015. Ultrasonographic images of the tumors were evaluated on the basis of key differentiating features, including features on B-mode imaging and color Doppler imaging. Additionally, the tumors were classified into four groups based on anechoic area, and findings were compared between Warthin tumors and pleomorphic adenomas.
Results
While 38 of the tumors were pleomorphic adenomas, 30 were Warthin tumors. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy for detection of Warthin tumors using our novel classification system were 73.3%, 76.3%, 71.0%, 78.4% and 75.0%, respectively. Compared to pleomorphic adenomas, Warthin tumors showed large or sponge-like anechoic areas, rich vascularization and an oval shape even at large tumor sizes, and the difference was significant. On defining Warthin tumor as a tumor demonstrating two or more of the findings noted above, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy for its detection were 73.3%, 84.2%, 78.6%, 80.0% and 79.4%, respectively.
Conclusion
Our novel classification system based on anechoic area patterns demonstrated by the tumors had high sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy for differentiating Warthin tumors from pleomorphic adenomas.

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Background
SR-16234 is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) structurally different from approved SERM and has been reported to have estrogen receptor (ER) α antagonistic activity and strong affinity with a weak partial agonistic activity to ERβ receptor. SR- 16234 showed strong inhibitory effects on transplanted endometrial cysts in the endometriosis model of rat and mouse. In this clinical trial, efficacy and safety of SR- 16234 have been evaluated in endometriosis patients.
Methods
This trial was an open-label single arm clini- cal trial. Ten patients with dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain associated with endometriosis and adenomyosis were enrolled in this trial, and received 40 mg of SR-16234 once daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the visual analogue scale (VAS) of pelvic pain. The sec- ondary endpoints included dysmenorrhea score, pelvic pain score, objective observations (stiffness of Douglas’ pouch, limitation of uterine movement, size of ovarian chocolate cysts, thickness of endometrium, and serum CA125 concentration) and safety.
Results
After oral administration of SR-16234 40 mg for 12 weeks, there were statistically significant decreas- es in pelvic pain VAS, total pelvic pain score, total dys- menorrhea score, stiffness of Douglas’ pouch, limitation of uterine movement compared with the baseline values.
Conclusion
The present trial suggested that a selective estrogen receptor modulator could be used for treatment of pain associated with endometriosis for the first time.

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Background
Tunneled central venous catheters (CVC), called Broviac/Hickman catheter, are widely used in the long-term treatment of pediatric patients. Recently, the percutaneous approach for CVC insertion has become dominant as a less invasive intervention. In this study, we reviewed the mechanical and delayed complications according to different procedures of CVC insertion and assessed the risk factors for complications in CVC inser- tions for pediatric patients.
Methods
A total of 159 pediatric patients (85 males and 74 females) were included in this study. Primary reasons for indication of CVC settlement were hemato-oncologic disorders (66 cases, 42%), malignant solid tumors (30, 19%) and other benign diseases (63, 40%). CVC insertion was performed with surgical venous cut- down (CD) in 51 patients (32%), with real-time ultrasound-guided puncture (RTUS) in 57 (36%), and venography-guided puncture (VG) in 49 (31%).
Results
CD was dominantly selected and the frequen- cy of venipuncture increased respective to the increased age of patients. RTUS was dominantly selected for one to four year old patients and VG was dominant in 5 to 15 year old patients. Some types of mechanical complication were observed in 4 of 159 (2.5%) and some delayed types were observed in 66 of 159 cases (42%). No me- chanical complications occurred in cases with CD and RTUS; on the other hand, 3 (6%) of 49 insertions with VG were observed. However, we could not show any significant risk factors for the mechanical complications. In the meantime, delayed complications and premature removal were significantly observed in patients under 5 years old.
Conclusion
RTUS is superior to our conventional VG considering less frequent mechanical complications. High frequent delayed complication and premature re- moval should be considered, especially for patients under 5 years old.

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Schizencephaly and porencephaly are extremely rare types of cortical dysplasia. Case 1: Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed wide clefts in the frontal and parietal lobes bilaterally. On postnatal day 3, MRI T2-weighted images showed multiple hypointensities in the clefts and ventricular walls, suggestive of hemosiderosis secondary to intracranial hemorrhage. Case 2: Prenatal MRI showed bilateral cleft and cyst formation in the fetal cerebrum, as well as calcification and hemosiderosis indicative of past hemorrhage. T2-weighted images showed hypointensities in the same regions as the calcification, corresponding with hemosiderosis due to intracranial hemorrhage on postnatal day 10. Thus, prenatal MRI was useful for diagnosing schizencephaly and porencephaly. Schizencephaly and porencephaly were thought to be due to fetal intracranial hemorrhage, which, in the porencephaly case, may have been related to a mutation of COL4A1.

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Carcinosarcoma is a malignant tumor composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal malignant tumor components. A 78-year-old man was transferred to our hospital because of hematemesis and tarry stool. An emergency gastrointestinal endoscopic examination revealed active bleeding from an ulcerative lesion on the posterior wall of the gastric body; endoscopic hemostasis was successfully performed. A gastrointestinal endoscopy performed two months later showed a polypoid lesion at the same place where the ulcer had been. The biopsy specimen was histologically diagnosed as well to moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent a laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection under a diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. A 28 × 15 mm polypoid tumor was resected from the gastric body, and was found on microscopic examination to consist of both carcinoma and sarcoma components, showing atypical spindle cells, which were positive for α-smooth muscular actin, calponin, and h-caldesmon, but negative for CD34, CD117 (c-kit), desmin, and dog 1. These findings led to a diagnosis of gastric carcinosarcoma. The tumor was conned to the mucous membrane. Lymph node metastasis was found in one node and contained only the carcinoma component. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient lived without recurrence for 2 years. Carcinosarcoma of the stomach is a rare tumor with high malignant potential and poor prognosis. Careful follow up is required for early detection of any recurrence.

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A 47-year-old man with progressive anemia possibly due to digestive tract bleeding was referred to our hospital. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showed a 2-cm tumor lesion arising near the small intestine. Enteroscopy revealed a 3-cm submucosal tumor at the ileum. A gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the small intestine was suspected, and the patient underwent surgery. During the operation, a diverticulum approximately 60 cm orad to the terminal ileum and a tumor at the top of the diverticulum were observed. Considering the location, Meckel’s diverticulum was suspected. No lymphadenopathy was present in the mesentery. Laparoscopy-assisted resection of the diverticulum without lymph node dissection was performed. The histological diagnosis of the tumor was a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. Given the possibility of lymph node metastasis, we performed a second operation to remove the small intestine and lymph nodes. Histologically, 7 of the 18 dissected lymph nodes were metastatic. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient survived without tumor recurrence for another 2 years 8 months. Neuroendocrine tumors of Meckel’s diverticulum are aggressive. Therefore, small intestinal resection along with lymph node dissection might be necessary as part of the surgical strategy.

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We report the case of a 19-year-old female with cerebellar ganglioglioma that was diagnosed at 4 years of age. Despite treatment with partial resection, radiation, and chemotherapy, residual tumor slowly expanded into the brainstem and upper cervical cord, resulting in nocturnal hypopnea, progressive tetraparesis, and feeding dif culty during 8–10 years of age. Initiation of temozolomide and bevacizumab was effective in preventing further expansion of the tumor, and the patient has been treated at home and in school with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and gastrostomy. Histopathologic examination of the resected tumor tissue revealed phospho-S6-positive tumor cells of either neuronal or astroglial appearance. This suggests that a higher proportion of cells of glial lineage could be linked to the progression of cerebellar ganglioglioma in childhood. Possible treatment options with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors are discussed.

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