The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On

 In this paper, we conducted semi-structured interviews with organizers of dry stone walling restoration activities to understand how participants become organizers and to consider how to manage the place to increase the possibility of continuing the activities. As a result, it was found that organizers have similar feelings toward dry stone walls and resources surrounding their activities as a common premise. In addition, there were four characteristics of change by practicing the activity: experiencing the practice of having to play various roles, improvisational coordination, understanding the principles of the rules, and arranging the restoration work. From these results, three characteristics of activity management were not fixing roles, communicating the priority of rules, and encouraging chatting.

 Recently hydropower developments invested by Independent Power Producers frequently face to several risks. Resettlement is one of the risks related to hydropower project especially in case of ethnic minority residing. In the Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower project (NNP1) in Lao PDR, Project Affected Peoples (PAPs) Hmong had concerns on soil quality and conversion from shifting cultivation consisting of slush and burning, hunting-and-gathering in the mountain area to rice farming in the flat area, and it took time to get PAPs’ consent and to complete resettlement. To settle the situation, the NNP1 launched a pilot farming and invited PAPs for training on agriculture and livelihood. This paper presents the effects of the pilot farming on verification of the planned resettlement program, information dissemination, feedback and the further possibility of it.

 In this study, we analyzed the introduction process and effects of the area-all-you-can-ride low-cost bus passes at the University of Tsukuba and Oyama City in order to clarify whether subscription-type fares for public transportation are sustainable, whether they are profitable, and how the decision to introduce them was made. As a result of a study to improve the campus transportation environment, the University of Tsukuba purchased 6, 000 one-year passes from a bus company and sold them to university students, faculty, and staff to realize a nine-year discount and continued the service for 17 years. Oyama City decided to offer a seven-discount fare for all passes for all lines in the city to encourage citizens to use the bus. The sales period was tentatively set at one year, and the service was extended for two years, and converted to a permanent service since there was no decrease in revenue. The two cases had several points in common, including the guarantee of revenue by the public entity, the continuation of mobility management and the increase in the number of commuter pass buyers, and the cooperation of local companies and organizations.

 The community transport operated by cooperative behavior of the residents has the commons characteristics. The aim of this study is to explore the cooperative behavior and its sustainability in the community transport from the perspective of commons management. The actual situation of community transport from the commons management perspective was qualitatively gained through the hearing survey. The sustainability of the cooperative behavior was explored by evaluating the gained actual situation by using the commons design principles as the index of commons management. The situation satisfying the design principles request means the high sustainability of the cooperative behavior. As the discussion, this study pointed out the importance of the environment to decrease the diremption situation from the commons design principle caused by the operation type of community transport.

 Even in urban area in developing countries in South-East Asia, solid waste is being scattered here and there due to lack of awareness of waste management by residents and local agencies, and especially they have serious problems with waste which do not return to the soil. The project executor developed a solid waste landfill and operate it for the resettlers related to the Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project in Lao PDR. The villagers, who are ethnic minority Hmong of 3, 500 persons, rather self-sufficiently had lived in the mountainous area and recently have moved to the flat area close to the urban area. This paper presents the change of their life style and awareness on solid waste management through implementation of the resettlement program, which will contribute to the hydropower projects with resettlement issue in this reason.

 “Eco-commuting” is an approach that encourage workers to change their modes of commuting from private cars to public transport, bicycles and on foot. It can contribute for not only low-carbon but also health promotion, parking space cost reduction, corporate image improvement, traffic congestion reduction and public transport support. However, the number of “Excellent Eco-Commuting Business Sites Certification System”, that was launched to certify business sites which spontaneously and positively promoted eco-commuting, has been leveling off in recent years. The objectives of this paper are 1) to review the progress of discussion for promotion reform of eco-commuting considering branding strategy and

 We clarified the key considerations that contributes to the introduction of public transportation services using automated driving vehicles in rural depopulated areas by structuring the recognition of practitioners using a logic model, and proposed it as an evaluation method for the key considerations.

 As a result, the management entity’s “reduction of burden” and “leadership of keymen such as chiefs” are particularly important. In addition, knowledge peculiar to automated driving such as “trust in automated driving technology” and “road environment for automated driving” was obtained. At the conceptual stage for introduction, the role of local governments was important, such as fostering “trust in automated driving technology” and “momentum for introduction in the region”. Finally, the developed model was evaluated by applying it to a case study, and it was found that, many of the above-mentioned efforts were implemented. We also clarified issues such as “creating a place for movement and interaction” to secure stable users.

 The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is promoting the Infrastructure System Overseas Expansion Action Plan 2021, but it is frequently pointed out that the construction cost of Japan is higher than that of competing countries. One of the reasons why Japan does not have an advantage in order competition with competitors is the high construction cost, but there are several other factors as well. In this study, it is shows the current status of orders received by Japanese companies in promoting the overseas expansion of infrastructure systems. Next, the purpose is to identify factors that are disadvantageous when receiving orders of Japanese companies, countermeasures against them, and factors that work to be superior, and to propose future approaches. The target is a bridge.

 In rural area of developing countries, river crossing with no bridges hamper people access to social services, especially in rainy seasons. In this paper, an international technical cooperation approach is presented for enhancing community initiatives for building and maintaining small road bridges by themselves through designing bridges and providing material and technical transfer to the communities for constructions. Under the circumstances where the hydrological data and geoengineering information at the sites were limited and mechanical properties of available construction material were not statistically standardized, with reasonable assumptions, the bridges were designed and constructed. Quality control of the construction done through community initiatives were not equivalent to the cases where contractors were engaged. It was difficult to quantify performance of the constructed bridges through community initiatives. It was also necessary to build consensus on the proposal of feasible and economical design of the bridges considering socioeconomic impact among the local communities who normally expected internationally high standard services to the NGOs. Several bridges were constructed by the communities with support from the NGOs that the authors were established. After four to seven years have passed, they have been serving reasonable access to local communities without causing any human casualties, while some damages were found. It was important that communities were well organized and motivated to inspect and maintain the bridges from time to time and equipped with necessary skills for repairing the small scale damages. In collaborations with the NGOs that have conducted community participatory projects in any fields, the NGO with the expertise of civil engineering could support efficiently and effectively the community taking charge of constructing bridges and ownership on the constructed bridge sustainably. The lessons learned are summarized to enable to construct the bridges through community initiatives for providing access over river crossing to rural communities.

 In developing countries, the thoroughgoing inspection of the road network is difficult in not a few cases, but it is often possible to use information on attributes that would induce deterioration, such as the conditions of structures, usage, and the environment. In this study, the author proposes a methodology for space mapping, which estimates a mixed Markov deterioration model based on the results of inspection of road surface properties in some road spans and evaluates the deterioration rate distribution of the entire target region, by utilizing the statistical mapping model, which represents the relation between influence factors, which express the deterioration environment, and heterogeneity parameters of the deterioration model. With space mapping, it is possible to estimate the lifespans of road pavements throughout the target region, and support a variety of decision making for management. Lastly, the proposed space mapping method is applied to the evaluation of deterioration rates of simple pavements in Myanmar, and its effectiveness is analyzed.

 In recent years, Japan is assisting techniques and capacity development of bridge maintenance and management for developing countries all over the world. And the activities of these projects aimed at formulation of maintenance and management plans, including bridge inspection and repair techniques, are being carried out. However, the current condition of the bridge to be managed is not understood and there is no effective data for the formulation of bridge maintenance plans when it is at the start of technical cooperation project because bridge inspection activities have not been carried out in many developing countries.

 To carry out efficient and effective bridge maintenance management, it is essential to consolidate bridge inventory data and inspection data. In this paper, the method of a bridge database development of about

 The aging of infrastructure is a nationwide issue. It is important to establish a pavement maintenance cycle (inspection-diagnosis-action-record) in municipal roads, because municipal roads account for about 84.1% of the total length of service in Japan. Local governments have been conducting pavement inspections and making progress in pavement repairs based on the national pavement inspection guidelines, but budgets are currently tight. In this paper, the gap between the needs of local residents for pavement repair based on the “conventional pavement inspection” and the needs of pavement repair is shown for pavements managed by the Tamana City Office, and these issues are analyzed. Then, in order to reduce the cost of inspection, the direct pavement inspection using ICT is practiced, and based on the introduction effect and the improvement point of ICT, the multiplexing of the ICT use and the implementation of the efficient pavement inspection by direct management are described.

 It is important to understand the technical level of competing countries in promoting overseas development of infrastructure systems. For that purpose as well, it is necessary to investigate in advance whether or not there is a Japanese technology in the competing countries, application conditions such as extension of the performance and construction scale.

 Therefore, in this study, it will be investigated South Korea’s bridges in Vietnam, targeting South Korea, one of the competing countries for infrastructure exports. Then, it will be aimed to study the concept of design that may contribute to cost reduction in Japan. In addition, it will be also considered whether or not there is technology unique to South Korea, the difference between the Korean bridge design and the Japanese design concept, and whether or not there are maintenance considerations that lead to longer life.

 The reduction of non-revenue water (NRW) is an urgent means of conserving water resources and improving management, especially for urban areas of developing countries where population growth is rapid. This paper discusses the development of an NRW-reduction strategy in Conakry, Guinea. First, the approach to NRW measures as pursued in previous research was studied. Then, with reference to those results, an NRW strategy was formulated that related to the present context of water supply facilities in Conakry. Countermeasures to visible water leakage, improvement of metering efficiency, introduction of hydraulic zones, pressure management at each hydraulic zone, and implementation of these measures were prioritized. Procurement of flowmeters and the formulation of hydraulic zones were started to implement, and it is considered that the key to reducing NRW is continuing steady work related to the reduction of NRW, which will require both time and investment.

 The Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project (NNP1) has been developed in Lao PDR and it took time, manpower and cost to solve an issue of resettlement of total 520 households and 3,500 project affected peoples (PAPs). They are indigenous ethnic minority “Hmong” and mostly selected the self-resettlement by getting cashing compensation than move to the resettlement village prepared by the project owner, though it has been developed to suit with their lifestyle by considering background such as custom, culture and history. This paper presents the study on factors such as land, war and gender of decision-making for resettlement related to NNP1, which were obtained through negotiations and activities with PAPs, interview with them and literature survey, and provide with measures to implement the resettlement of indigenous ethnic minority on hydropower development in Southeast Asia.

 With the recent increase in the number of torrential rain disasters, the number of initial responses by local governments at the disaster site has been increasing, and it is important to improve the efficiency of these operations. On the other hand, technological innovation in ICT has made progress in the use of ICT in disaster management. However, it was difficult to secure a budget for disaster response at Tamana City Hall, which is short of financial resources. In Tamana City, where inefficient initial response has become apparent, we aimed to improve the operational efficiency of the initial response by substituting existing ICT, despite the lack of financial resources. After preliminary preparations through public-private collaboration, we expanded the use of ICT for the actual first response to the 2020 torrential rain disaster. The results of this study were analyzed by interviewing the front-line staff and analyzing the trends and reasons for the use of ICT.