中国の乾燥・半乾燥地域に分布する沙漠砂・レスに含まれる硫酸塩の硫黄同位体比の分析を行った。その結果，タクラマカン沙漠とその周辺地域の硫黄同位体比は＋4.08～＋29.5‰の範囲であり，沙漠内に比べ，周辺山岳地帯で採取された試料が高い同位体比を示す傾向にあった。盆地―トルファン盆地は＋3.59～＋9.05‰の範囲であり，トルファン盆地に比べて盆地が低い同位体比を示していた。また，この地域で採取された蒸発岩は＋10.45～＋10.98‰と高い同位体比を示した。チャイダム盆地―ムウス沙漠は＋4.18～＋22.0‰の範囲であり，中国東北部ナイマン周辺では＋8.80‰，－0.66‰の二つの結果が得られた。

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泥火山とは地下深くにあった泥が地上に噴出したものであり，活動的圧縮場などを中心に世界中に存在している。泥火山は揮発性成分，特に温暖化能力の大きなメタンに富んでいるため，泥火山からのメタンの地球規模でのフラックスは地球温暖化の観点から関心がもたれている。また，泥火山は地域的な災害も引き起こしている。本研究では，このように関心を集める泥火山のうち，盆地南端に見られる泥火山について研究を行なった。これまでこの地域の泥火山に関する研究は少なく，また世界で最も内陸に位置する泥火山であるため，本研究において，噴出する泥，水，気体に対する地球化学的な分析を行い，盆地南端に見られる泥火山の特徴を明らかにした。その結果，この泥火山は，地下での水－岩石相互作用を受けた水が有機物の分解で生じた揮発性成分を含んで高圧となった結果，地表に噴出したものであると考えられる。

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This paper examines the reality of what has been called "the Qing rule of Tibet" from 1720 to 1727. During this period the main purpose of the Qing policy toward Tibet was to check the pro-Dsungar group by promoting the influence of Khan-chen-nas within the Tibetan government. While denouncing Dsungar as a destroyer of dGe-lugs-pa and an aggressor of Tibet, the Qing government attempted to stabilize Tibetan politics by legitimizing Khan-chen-nas, Dsungar's opponent, through the approval of the Seventh Dalai-lama. The Qing government, however, had to confront the ahti-Khan-chen-nas group. To resolve the conflict, the Qing government dispatched Ambans to support Khan-chen-nas and to protect the Dalai-lama. In short, the dispatch of Ambans was not a means of direct control over Tibet but an effort to promote the alliance between the Dalai-lama and Khan-chen-nas.

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中国の石炭産業は活況を呈している。年産10.8億トンをべースにして年間増産分だけでも4千万トンを目標にしている。これはわが国の年間消費量の40%弱である。2000年には年産14億トンに達する予定である。各種情報源によれば増産のタスクを背負った最近の炭鉱は最新の機械化採炭技術を採用し,露天掘りが主流になっている。したがって事故死亡率が低下している。新炭鉱は内陸部に存在しているので鉄道建設も平行して進行しているが諸産業の発展に追いつかないので炭鉱近くで発電する坑口発電所の建設も盛んである。中国の主要炭田は華北に存在する。中国産炭量の約97%は国内で消費されている。浙江省泰山原子力発電所の稼働開始,四川,湖北両省にまたがる長江三峡ダム建設のゴーサインにみられるように徐々にエネルギー供給形態は変化し,石炭の消費割合も変化するが内外における中国石炭の重要性は変わらない。

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The Tibet crisis of 1727, which was triggered by the assassination of the kingdom's secular ruler, Khan-chen-nas, came about against the backdrop of internal political rivalry between the faction led by Khan-chen-nas along with Tibet's religious leader the 7th Dalai Lama and a pro-Manchu group led by Pho-iha-nas. After evacuating the Dalai Lama to safety as the first step to an allout campaign against the Zunghars, the Qing Dynasty decided, with the Dalai Lama in safe keeping, to intervene militarily in the Tibetan civil conflict. The Dynasty's intervention, which was based on the crucial issue of isolating the Zunghars without damaging the authority of the Dalai Lama, was kept secret even from the Chinese ambassador (駐蔵大臣) to Tibet and was carefully planned to prevent the pro-Dynasty Pho-lha-nas faction from repudiating the religious leader's authority. The Qing Dynasty's concept for ruling Tibet following intervention was completely void of any clear intent to rebuild a pro-Dynasty regime headed by the Chinese ambassador to Tibet in the post of governor-general. Rather, the issue was how to preserve the Dalai Lama's authority in his absence and prevent the flight of the Zunghars. This is why the evacuation of the Dalai Lama should be recognized as one provisional measure within the Qing Dynasty's military strategy against the Zunghars. Prior to military intervention, the Qing Dynasty had felt a moral duty to "protect the Dalai Lama". In fact, the coup leaders who fought against Pho-lha-nas' assault on Lhasa, ignoring the support they enjoyed from the Dynasty's central government, entreated the Dynasty for help in protecting the Dalai Lama, while Pho-lha-nas, who took Lhasa on his own prerogative contrary to the Dynasty's intent, upon hearing the denial by the city's religious leaders and the Chinese ambassador of any involvement by the Dalai Lama in Khan-chen-nas' assassination, abandoned pursuing the affair any further and let the Qing Dynasty handle the matter. Upon his entry into Lhasa, the Qing supreme commander began investigating the causes and responsible parties for the Tibetan internal conflict with the support of Pho-lha-nas, while at the same time secretly negotiating with the Dalai Lama and winning His Holiness' approval of the evacuation on the strength of the argument that it had been discussed with the Emperor, who had expressed the Dynasty's moral obligation to protect him. In order to handle the evacuation issue within the framework of the Emperor's counsel and the promotion of the Dalai Lama's Dgelugs-pa (Sect), the Emperor and Yue Zhongqi built a new temple where the Dalai Lama was being kept and financed his expenses during his stay. Immediately after the Dalai Lama's evacuation, the Dynasty summoned his father to Beijing to discuss the situation and settle the matter politically. Furthermore, in the ninth year of Yongzheng's reign all-out war was declared against the Zhunghars as part of the Dynasty's moral obligation to punish them as the "destroyers of Dge-lugs-pa (Sect) and invaders of Tibet". The greatest concern of the Dynasty's Tibetan policy was to prevent any connection between the Dalai Lama and its enemies, the Zunghars, and it was for this reason that it became necessary to prevent the contradictions that existed betweenPho-lhanas and the Dalai Lama from coming to the forefront. While agonizing over those contradictions and trying to maintain some sort of detente, the Dynasty chose to take pains to maintain the Dalai Lama's authority, while working secretly behind the back of its own ambassador to the region. The political tactics employed by Yongzheng in implementing such policy were geared not to concerns about institutions and ideals, but rather to dealing with reality by any means possible in order to reach a solution.

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In recent years, owing to the advances in technological development, research and development of unconventional energy resources have been activated. In particular, development of shale gas and tight oil in the United States will have a great influence on the energy supply in the world in the future. Interest in tight oil is increasing in China because China has fascinating unconventional energy resources, and among them, tight oil has the potential to become a promising energy resource. In China, it is expected that reservoir characteristics and availability of tight oil are clarified with the progress of the geological survey, and that the development of tight oil is advanced. In this paper, we examine the availability and potential capacity of tight oil resources in China. On the basis of the characteristics of tight oil reservoir in the United States, the situation and potential of Chinaʼs tight oil resources are examined through the comparison of the geological availability environment of tight oil reservoirs in China and the United States.

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泥火山とは地下深くにあった泥が地上に噴出したものであり，活動的圧縮場などを中心に世界中に存在している．泥火山は揮発性成分，特に温暖化能力の大きなメタンに富んでいるため，泥火山からのメタンの地球規模でのフラックスは地球温暖化の観点から関心がもたれている．本研究では，このように関心を集める泥火山のうち，盆地南部に見られる泥火山について研究を行なった．昨年度は主に噴出する泥，水，気体に対する地球化学的な分析の全体的な傾向を紹介した．本年は特に，メタンの起源としては重要な熱分解反応と微生物によるメタン生成反応の区別を地球化学的データから試みた結果を議論したい．

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Chinese Cenozoic sedimentary basins are divided into two basin groups by their tectonic feature and the geographical distributions. The divided line lies from Holan Shan (Ningxia Province) to Dashue Shan (Sichuan Province), via Liupan Shan — Longmeng Shan. Western Basins consist of Tarim Basin, Qaidam Basin and Junggar Basin etc. They are compressional basins and relatively vast basins in the area. Eastern basins are extensional (rift) basins, which are subdivided into three basin groups. They are Eastern Sea Coast Basin System, Eastern Basin System and Western Basin System. Eastern Sea Coast Basin System includes East China Sea Basin and Pearl River Mouth Basin etc. Eastern Basin System includes Sungliao Basin and Bohai Gulf Basin etc. Western Basin System includes Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basin etc.
It is estimated that around 90% of crude oil originated from non-marine source rocks.
Biomarker data from Qaidam Basin, Bohai Gulf Basin and Pearl River Mouth Basin have been interpreted. In Qaidam Basin, biomarkers indicate the existence of the hypersaline environment in the era of Oligocene and Miocene. Main source rock of Es₃ (3rd member of Shahejie Formation) is abundant of non-marine algae in Bohai Gulf Basin. Biomarker data from Wenchang Formation and Enping Formation, which are main source rocks in Pearl River Mouth Basin, indicate that source material was deposited in the fresh water environment.

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Much attention has been drawn to the history of the West-Mongolian Dorben Oriyad from the early 17th century when they first appeared as the Kalmyks in Russian sources to the end of the same century when they were united under Galdan of the Jun Γar (Dzungars). The first to discuss the subject in Japan was Masao MORI, who, in the early 1950's, quoted Pallas, Howorth and Baddeley and corrected their errors. He was followed by Akira HANEDA, Hidehiro OKADA, Zuiho YAMAGUCHI and Hiroshi WAKAMATSU. Especially WAKAMATSU gives a consistent description of the history of the so-called "Dzungar Khanate" from its supposed founder Qara Qula down through Baratur Qong Tayiji, Sengge and Galdan who established a kingdom of integrated Oyirad tribes. Therefore his work has since been regarded as a standard reference for Japanese students of the history of that period. Mainly basing himself on Russian documents, WAKAMATSU argued that Qara Qula of the Dzungars had already been the leader of all the Dorben Oyirad as early as in the beginning of the 17th century, and that the Dzungar leadership as such was further strengthened at the time of his son Baratur Qong Tayiji. This view, which is derived from the old views of Pallas and Zlatkin, however, is found to be contrary to historical facts that are deduced from a closer examination of the Russian documents and Mongolian sources. It turns out that the Dzungar chiefs previous to Galdan were never supreme leaders of the Dorben Oyirad. For example, Mongolian sources reveal that in the days of Qara Qula it was Bayibaras Qaran of Qosud that led the Oyirad campaigns against the Qalqa Mongols. Bogatyr' Talai Taisha, who figured as the head Taisha of the Kalmyks of 1616 in Russian documents and was identified by Pallas with Baratur Qong Tayiji, is actually Dalai Tayisi of the Dorbed. Baibagish, a chief murdered in the internal disturbances of the Kalmyks in the 1620's who was regarded as a son of Qara Qula by WAKAMATSU and Zlatkin, was nobody but Bayibaras Qaran of the Qosud. Also doubtful is the theory of Zlatkin, who thinks that the "Dzungar Khanate" was established in 1635, the year in which Baratur, the son of Qara Qula, assumed the title of Qong Tayiji. The supreme leader of the Dorben Oyirad at that time was Guusi Qaran, a younger brother of the murdered Bayibaras. We may safely conclude that a Dzungar Khanate did not come into existence until the time when Galdan who had succeeded Sengge, attacked Vcirtu cecen Qaran of the Qosud, took over his subjects and assumed the title of the Qaran of the Dorben Oyirad in 1676. The root of the misconception by Pallas, Zlatkin and WAKAMATSU lies in their projecting the images of the later Dzungar Khans back to the times of the still disunited Oyirad of the 17th century.

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