We investigated the possibility of detecting wild Japanese macaque troop locations based on their vocalizations on Yakushima Island, a typical habitat of this species, in order to design adequate census methods and observe wild monkeys more efficiently. For each category of vocalizations we determined the maximum distance between the observers and the vocalizing monkeys. Trackers and fixed-point observers determined the actual real-time location of the vocalizing monkeys. ” calls” and ” screams” could travel the farthest distance and were most suitable for obtaining precise directional estimation on the position of the troop. The maximum distance from which ” calls” were heard was 580m, and that for the ” screams” was 420m. However, it was concluded that when conducting censuses by using vocal cues in steep terrain like on Yakushima Island, the frequencies of these two vocalizations might sometimes be too low to conduct a census efficiently. Thus, we recommend that a more effective detection distance should be less than 200m, which is close enough to hear the next long-distance transmittable vocalizations such as ” aggressive vocalization” and ” alarm calls.” Although alarm calls were less precise when determining the direction from which the voice came, they were more practical for large-scale census methods.

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Three new compounds have been isolated from the pollen grains of Cedrus deodara . and these compounds were determined to be 7β, 18-dihydroxydehydroabietanol (III), 15-methoxyabietic acid (IV) and 9-caffeoyloxyhexadecanol (V) by chemical and spectroscopic methods. 7β-Hydroxydehydroabietic acid (I) and 15-hydroxyabietic acid (II) were also isolated.

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From the pollen grains of Cedrus deodara ., five known compounds, dehydroabietic acid (I), 15-hydroxydehydroabietic acid (II), 7α, 18-dihydroxydehydroabietanol (IV), naringenin (VI) and β-sitosteryl β-D-glucoside (VII), and two new compounds, 7β, 15-dihydroxydehydroabietic acid (III) and hexadecane-1, 16-diol 7-caffeoyl ester (V), were isolated. The structures of III and V were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies and chemical evidence.

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An electro-dynamic speaker tested is described in details. The impedance characteristics of the active coil are found to be just the same as for ordinary telephone receivers. Damped or stationary and motional vector impedance graphs are respectively a straight line and a circle when the frequency is varied But the diameter of motional impedance circle coinsides with the resistance axis, which or ordinary receivers is usually depressed downwards from it. The diameters are 74.0, 194.0 and 290.0 ohms, respectively for the d. c. excitation of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ampere and without the trumpet. The resonance, first and second quadrantal frequencies are respectively about 620 _??_, 616.5 _??_ and 624 _??_ for 1 ampere excitation. Variations of these frequencies for different excitation are very small. And the force factor for 1 ampere excitation is 9.64×10⁶ dynes per absampere.
When, however, the trumpet is on, the motional impedance graph is reduce to about 1/16 of the size when it is off, which means little distortion of the diaphram motion for the reproduction of speech although the system without the trumpet has a marked resonance point; and the graph is accompanied by a number of small loops, because the trumpet is a multi-resonance system.
Advantages of this instrument for acoustic impedance and similar measurements are explained. The action of such a vibrating system as inductance or capacitance is also pointed out.

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Auditory stimuli are known to alter visual perception. However, the effects of such stimuli on velocity perception have not yet been examined. A well-known velocity illusion related to object size is described by Brown's law. We can easily match object size with sound intensity. Therefore, this study examined the potential modification of velocity perception by auditory stimuli at different sound pressure levels (SPLs). The results showed that the perceived velocity, particularly when the object size was small, diminished with a high SPL auditory stimulus. We assume two interpretations of this result. First, high intensity sounds can modify the perceived object size and alter the perceived velocity by replicating Brown's law since large objects tend to match well with high SPL sounds. Second, previous studies indicated that stimuli with strong intensities seem to have been presented for longer durations. Thus, stimulus duration may be perceived as longer when higher SPL sounds are presented simultaneously, which may cause the velocity to be perceived as being slower.

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We have clarified experimentally that the field coil magnet speakers have higher quality from the viewpoint of DEEP KANSEI. In this paper, we have clarified the important physical characteristics related with sound quality based on many psychophysical considerations and experimentations. We evaluated two type speakers under the condition that only magnet were different by very high dignity music source. We have obtained “+2” rank better in the seven grade scale on field coil magnet speakers than ferrite magnet speakers. After many considerations, we have measured some physical characteristics. As the result of the measurements, we clarified that field coil magnet speakers have high velocity, large amplitude and better damping.

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Objectives-Noise is one of the commonest physical stressors to which industrial workers are exposed. Many workers complain of symptoms associated with a non-specific generalized stress response, including disturbed sleep. However, industrial workers may be exposed to more than one source of stress and it is not possible to completely attribute the disturbed nocturnal sleep and changes in heart rate to the effects of noise alone. This study was done to find out whether acute exposure of healthy individuals to occupational noise during the daytime would cause changes in their nocturnal sleep architecture, heart rate during sleep and serum cortisol levels. Methods-Baseline polysomnography was done on ten subjects who were exposed for eight hours either to continuous occupational background noise levels of >75dB(A), or a quiet environment. Sleep polysomnography was done on the night prior to and after exposure. Blood was collected for serum cortisol estimation at night prior to sleep and in the morning after waking up. Statistical analysis was done by repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey's post test. Results-The sleep efficiency was less than 80% and the total time spent in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) and the REM onset latency were significantly decreased on the night after exposure to noise. There was a significant increase in stage shifts. The percentage fall in heart rate during sleep was decreased compared to the baseline values. The serum cortisol levels in the morning after exposure to noise was significantly increased. Conclusion-Workers exposed to background occupational noise react to the stress and show changes in nocturnal sleep architecture and heart rate which may be contributed to the exposure to noise.

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Previous studies have reported gender differences in loudness perception. To clarify factors that affect loudness perception of men and women, so that differences in their processing of auditory stimuli might be revealed, we conducted four experiments using innovative experimental approaches. A rating experiment employed a wider range of sound stimuli and a greater number of categories on the verbal interval scale to elicit participants’ ratings of sounds at different sound pressure levels. As in previous studies, male participants tended to rate the same sounds as less

than did females. An experiment with the method of adjustment measured the limits of sound pressure level perceived as soft or as , and replicated the gender effect: female participants selected lower levels than did males to represent both soft and sound categories. The final two experiments sought to measure perceived loudness on a (numeric) ratio scale rather than a (verbal) interval scale. Using the methods of magnitude estimation and magnitude production, these experiments did not produce the clear gender differences seen in the first two experiments. Differences in loudness judgments between males and females may actually reflect differences in the use of verbal expression rather than differences in perception of intensity.

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Approximately 1400 high school students were surveyed to determine their music listening habits. The following group was selected for hearing acuity testing at 30 dB 500 Hz, 1 KHz, 2 KHz and 4 KHz: 33 students who listened to music with headphones for more than 5 hours a week at level at which they could not hear any other sound, 13 students who went to rock concerts more than 10 times a year, and 17 students who went to discos more than 10 times a year. Results revealed no hearing loss in any of the subjects. However, most of those who listened to music complained of temporary cochlear symptoms in our questionnaire. A follow-up study to determine the nature and extent of the suspected auditory damage should be carried out.

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The vocalizations of mature feral cats, Felis catus, were analyzed based on sound spectrograms and behavioral interactions, focusing on sexual differences. Both males and females produced three distinct types of vocalizations during the breeding season: rutting cry, yowl, and mew. The rutting cry could be distinguished from the other two types by behavioral contexts and spectrographic features. The rutting cry was heard only during the breeding season, whereas the other two types were heard throughout the year. These results suggest the existence of a vocalization specific to the breeding season in feral cats. Males produced rutting cries more often than females.

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パーキンソン病（PD）患者の発話特徴の一つである単調子（monopitch）は，発話の明瞭さと自然さを低下させる．本研究では，日本語を母国語とするPD患者のmonopitchが，体系的訓練LSVT®

（）により改善するかを調べることを目的とした．対象は，2011〜2016年にを実施したPD患者40例のうち35例（平均年齢66.0歳）と健常者29例（平均年齢68.0歳）とした．音読から選択したイントネーション句の話声域speaking pitch range（SPR），音読と独話でのmonopitchの聴取印象評定（4段階）をmonopitchの指標とした．音読と独話での平均音圧レベル，発話明瞭度（9段階）と発話自然度（5段階）も評価した．訓練前後で比較すると，音読でのSPRは，10.5半音から13.1半音と有意に大きくなり（p＜0.01），健常対照群とほぼ同レベルまで改善した．monopitch，発話明瞭度，発話自 然度の聴取印象評定は，いずれも訓練後に有意に改善していた（p＜0.05）．平均音圧レベルは，音読・独話とも，訓練後に有意に増加した（p＜0.01）．は，日本語を母国語とするPD患者の小声だけでなく，monopitchにも有効であることが示された．

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Several types of non-linear distortions of audio nstruments are discussed sytematically using calculation models. The model of an input pulse shown in Fig. 1 is characterized by an asymmetric wave form with zero DC component. The pulse responses corresponding to non-linearities, viz. , the S-type non-linearity(Fig. 2), clipping(Fig. 4) and cross-over distortion(Fig. 6) of an amplifier, the transient distortion of a level-compressor, and the S-type non-linearity(Fig. 9) of a -speaker, are illustrated if Figs. 3, 5, 7, 8, and 10 with their spectra, respectively. Since the growth of the DC component is typical of the non-linearity of an amplifier, which is in constrast with the case of a -speaker, it can be said that the non-linearities of an amplifier and a -speaker are physically distinguishable. It thus appears that one can judge an amplifier by hearing a musical sound through a -speaker.

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Acute sensorineural hearing loss after exposure to

noise was observed in 15 patients who visited our clinic between 2011 and 2013. The patients included a larger proportion of men than women, and the age distribution was in the 40 to 50-years range. The chief complaint of most patients was hearing loss accompanied by tinnitus. According to audiometry, the hearing type was the flat type was in the majority of patients. Patients with acute acoustic trauma showed a higher recovery rate than those with acute acoustic hearing loss. Delayed recovery due to repetitive exposure to a sound load causes worsened acoustic susceptibility, accounting for the prognostic difference between acute acoustic trauma and acute acoustic hearing loss. Because it is difficult to determine whether acute hearing loss is reversible or irreversible prior to treatment, it is important to start treatment immediately after injury.

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フロリダ州立大学全球スペクトルモデル(Florida State University-Global Spectral Model; FSU-GSM)に雲を予報するスキームを組み込み、その影響を調べた。雲水と雲量の二つを新しい予報変数として付け加える。積雲対流による雲と、大規模場の収束による雲が考えられた。大規模場の発散により、雲は消える。予想された雲量と雲水量が放射のスキームに使われる。雲の移流はいまのところ考えていない。雲水は、あらかじめ与えられた温度の関数で水(液体)と固体(氷)に分けられる。
モデルはもっともらしい雲量と雲水量を再現した。両極地方を除き、積雲から発生する雲が雲量と雲水量にとって重要である。熱帯では、積雲を起源とする雲が全雲量の半分を占め、上層雲のほとんどを占める。積雲を起源とする雲は、中緯度の雲水量の半分を供給し、熱帯では雲水量にとって不可欠である。
熱帯の外向き長波放射(OLR)が改善された。これはこのスキームが対流性の雲も考慮していることによる。対流性の雲が熱帯の上層雲には不可欠であり、これがOLRに大きな影響を及ぼす。

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The flat plane speaker has wide sound radiation area making its tone characteristics preferable to the conventional type speakers. However, the main defect is its multiresonance of the vibrating membrane. After the analysis of flat membrane vibrations, a new driving method is proposed for eliminating the multiresonances, that is, if the membrane were driven by the distributed force proportionate to the fundamental mode amplitude, no multiresonance would take place. Mean while within some restricted frequency range, the uniresonance is expected from some discrete concentrated driving points. In the preceding paper, this driving method has been applied to the cases having easily analizable boundary conditions. On the contrary, this paper includes the application to three complicated problems, entirely clamped, free and mode degenerated. Comparing them, the entirely free boundary condition is found theoretically best, however, the problem is how to hold the free membrane in the space. As the result of various experiments, the boundary condition almost the same as the free boundary but having a small viscous damping element which makes it possible to solve the suspension problem is found.

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The analysis of virus-laden, airborne droplets has become crucial to preserve human health. The present study focuses on the transport of speech droplet nuclei generated by an infected person and the inhalation exposure of a healthy human with an integrated respiratory tract through large eddy simulation (LES). Results show the temporal evolution of speech events and offer insight into LES modeling of inhalation exposure.

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The tactile perception of surface roughness can be modulated by sounds. Our previous study demonstrated that white noise altered the tactile perception of the roughness of abrasive paper having a specific particle size. In the present study, we investigated whether the congruity between tactile and auditory information could be a critical factor in influencing the tactile perception of roughness. The results revealed that when the information about roughness in the modalities was congruent, the sound modulated the tactile perception of roughness more saliently. The direction of roughness modulation depended on the sound intensity: sound increased the perceived tactile roughness, whereas soft sound decreased it.

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