This paper sets out the following five characteristics of ongoing child welfare reforms: (a) the generalization (or: universalization; or: increase in inclusivity) of the target population of child welfare policies; (b) the change in the relationship between general child support and support for child-rearing; (c) the increase in the number of children on waiting lists for day-care centers in spite of declining birth rates; (d) the decentralization of social welfare administration; and (e) the development of reforms in the regulatory systems. The paper analyzes the ways in which child welfare reforms have been undertaken, dividing the period from 1990 to the present into four stages, during which child welfare policies have been changed rapidly in the context of linkage with policies aimed at countering declining birth rates. It also presents an overview of the backgrounds against which these policy changes have occurred as well as historical evidence of how the rights of the child have been neglected.

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The purpose of this study is to reveal the recent history of school turf in Japan and the role of the supporters. The information of school turfs were collected and put in order. Two school turf growth periods were found. The first one is 1970's. Ministry of Education and some local governments promoted school turf. Some of those turfs remains until today. But others disappeared soon. One of the reason is that the areas of school grounds were not enough broad to hold turf on it. Another reason is that the work is too hard for teachers in charge. In the following two decades, only a few school adopted turf on the ground. In the late 1990's, the second period of growth began. Differences between the first and second period were found. Many persons began to be interested in turf. There may have been some influence from the world cup soccer games. They voluntarily began activities by individually or in groups for supporting school turf. The activities are including donation and attendance to the workshop of planting and maintenance. Nonprofit organizations for supporting school turf were founded one after another. Ministry of Education (Presently, Ministry of education, culture, sport, science and technology) and local governments have made budget to subsidize school turf in these days. The area of school ground per the number of the pupils is increasing. The technology concerned to the turf has made progress. Comparing to the first wave of the school turf in 1970s, the present condition for school turf seems to be much better.

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横浜市のコミュニティハウスは,公立小中学校の余裕教室を活用して設置された小規模生涯学習施設である.本稿の目的は,学校との複合施設でいかに生涯学習が展開されてきたのかを,利用者の構成,施設の選択理由および評価についての調査を通して明らかにすることである.利用者の主体は中学校区内に居住する成人女性や高齢者で,施設を選択した最大の理由は自宅に近いことであった.各館ではさまざまな自主事業が実施され,事業への参加を契機にサークル活動を始めた者も多く,職員による支援事業が生涯学習活動の展開に大きな力を果たしてきた.これらの活動には学校設備も積極的に利用されている.学校側がコミュニティハウスの設備や機能を利用する事例は乏しいが,利用者と児童生徒・教員の間に連携も芽生えっっある.複合施設の利点を活かすためには,支援事業をさらに充実させ,学校との連携を進める必要があろう.

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