本稿では，ゴビ砂漠以北のモンゴル高原を対象に，牧畜の伝来から遊牧の開始，さらに騎馬遊牧民の成立までのプロセスを，考古資料にもとづき論じた．紀元前3000年ごろ，アルタイ山脈からハンガイ山地にかけての地域に，中央アジアから

が到来し，ヒツジ・ヤギ・ウシによる牧畜を伝えた．この新来の集団は，在地の狩猟採集民と交わり，紀元前2500年ごろには，家畜とともに遊動性の高い生活を始めた．これをモンゴル高原における遊牧の初現とする．遊牧は，紀元前2000年ごろの湿潤化で良好な草原が広がったモンゴル高原西北部に拡大した．紀元前1250年ごろには家畜化したウマが到来し，車両の牽引に用いられ，紀元前1000-900年ごろには騎乗をこなす騎馬遊牧民が形成された．

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The aim of this paper is to present an overview of recent research on northern hunter-gatherer societies, using new approaches including paleoclimatology and molecular biology. Traditionally, northern hunter-gatherer societies have been portrayed as “stagnant” survivals of prehistoric societies having little capacity for innovation or change, and this trend has been reinforced by the regular use of ethnographic accounts of contemporary foragers in prehistoric case studies. Increasingly, researchers are now starting to appreciate the complexity and historical dynamism of northern populations, and in this paper I explore some of these new insights by focusing on adaptive behavior to environmental change and investigating human migration and integration process, all of which have played an important role in human history in the North.

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