目的 糸をオンラインでリアルタイムに評価する目的で, 原糸を加工した糸の直径とその糸軸方向変化を光センサにより測定し, フィード率, 空気圧, 糸速が種々の評価量に及ぼす影響を定量的に明らかにする.成果 (1) センサによる交絡数の測定値は, 加工が良好に行われる場合には, 目視による測定値によく一致する.センサにより得られた生成割合の生成間隔に対する分布は, 目視による分布に大略一致する.(2) 交絡数が大きい糸は, 交絡部の多さと開繊部・交絡部の区別の明瞭さを併せて表す効果指標が大きく, 生成間隔の標準偏差も小さい.したがって, 極言すれば, 糸の外観に及ぼす加工条件を定性的に評価する場合には, 交絡数を測定すれば充分である.(3) 加工が全然行われない場合, 糸は原糸のように偏平な外観を呈するので, 測定した糸平均直径は大きな値を示す.一方, 加工が行われる場合, フィード率の増加に対して交絡数は最大値を持つ変化を示し, 糸平均直径は交絡数によく似た変化を示す.空気圧の増加に対し, 交絡数は最大値を持つ変化を示すが, 糸平均直径は交絡数と逆の変化を示す.糸速の増加に対し, 交絡数は単調に減少するが, 糸平均直径の変化は交絡数と逆である.(4) 本実験範囲では, 原糸を加工した糸の交絡部は開繊部より長い.

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画素配置と方式の組合せによる固体撮像素子の解像度の違いを2次元的に考察し, 走査線ごとに画素を水平方向に半画素ピッチずらした補間配置と2行同時読出しの組合せが優れていることを示した.この結果に基づいて試作したMOS形素子により, 従来と同一画素数のままで約2倍の水平解像度500TV本が得られた.

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Tangling angles are the angles between filaments in the tangling parts of interlaced yarns and yarn axes.They are one of the constructive factors which determine the characteristics of interlaced yarns. Filaments in the tangling parts, however, display such complex configurations that the measurement of tangling angles by using traditional methods requires considerable time and labor. The present paper proposes a new simple method to determine tangling angles and clarifies the relation between tangling angles and interlacing condi tions. Results obtained are as follows :
(1) A model of interlaced yarns was made in order to determine the tangling angles.-These tangling angles were calculated by measuring apparent easily-quantifiable characteristics of interlaced yarns including : the lengths of tangling and non-tangling parts, the apparent diameters of non-tangling parts and so on. These calculations were in excellent agreement with values measured with a microscope. Except for large feed ratios, they also agreed well with the measured values even though the apparent diameters of non-tangling-parts were not taken into account.
(2) It took about 50 hours to obtain the measured tangling angle. On the other hand, the times required to obtain the calculated and simplified tangling angles by the present method were 1/7 and 1/14 times shorter than that to measure the tangling angle, respectively.
(3) The present method makes possible “on-line” measurement of the tangling angle because the apparent characteristics used to calculate the tangling angle can be obtained by “on-line” measurement.
(4) When supplied air pressures and feed ratios are large and yarn speeds are small, tangling angles take high values. The feed ratio has especially a great effect on the tangling angle.

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用2/3インチ220万画素(1920x1080)FIT型CCD撮像素子を用い、60フレーム/秒の順次走査撮像実験を行った。用CCDをM-FIT駆動することにより全画素独立に読出すと共に、全画素電荷の蓄積のためフレームメモリおよび垂直転送路蓄積を併用した。カメラヘッドを3板カラー化し、1080/60Pカラー撮像実験システムを試作し、水平、垂直共に解像度1000TV本の映像を得た。

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In order to achieve better performance of 480i and 480p on different scanning type TV sets, a coding scheme, which includes a conversion from interlaced to progressive scanning of the P and I pictures, is newly proposed. In this method, the B picture is still interlaced, while all the pictures are predicted using progressive scanning. In decoding the progressive scanning pictures, intra-field interpolation of the residual is used. From experiments, the proposed coding scheme gives better picture quality than that of MPEG-2.

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The static entanglement strength refers to the degree to which tangling parts of an interlaced yarn are not broken under static tension. Measurement of the static entanglement strength is practicable, because it is simpler than the measurement of dynamic entanglement strength when the yarn is subjected to the force changing with time. In this study, we clarified effects of load and time on the static entanglement strength, and presented the decision procedure and optimum values of load and time. Moreover, we clarified effects of yarn types and interlacing process conditions (supplied air pressure, feed ratio and yarn speed) on the optimum values of load and time, and obtained static entanglement strength. Results obtained are as follows. (1) Although measured values of the static entanglement strength are different depending on the load and the time, they hardly change at more than certain values of the load and the time. (2) It is preferable that optimum values of the load and the time are small in the stable region where measured values of static entanglement strength do not change. In the range of this study, an optimum value of the load is 15 mN/d and an optimum value of the time is 3 min regardless of the yarn types or the interlacing process conditions. (3) The static entanglement strength obtained under these measurement conditions has a maximum as a function of the supplied air pressure, and increases with an increase of the feed ratio and decreases slightly in the region more than 2%. It decreases monotonously with the yarn speed, and is large for yarns with large fineness of filaments.

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In order to make the frictional tangling strength of interlaced yarns clear, interlaced yarns were subjected to iterative frictional forces by reciprocating rubbers and afterward their number of tangles was measured.The frictional tangling strength is defined as the ratio of the residual and original numbers of tangles.The number of friction, friction angle, static tension, friction speed and kind of yarns were used as experimental parameters.Results obtained are as follows.
(1) When the number of friction, friction angle, static tension and friction speed are large, tangling parts easily disappear.When the friction angle is large, difference in length between filaments on inner and outer sides ofbending yarn is notable and occurrence of slip of filaments is easy and hence, tangling parts easily disappear owing to large bending angle of yarn and frictional force.When the static stress is large, the frictional force increases and hence, the above mentioned difference in filament length is large and the slip easily occurs.The friction speed has no effect on the frictional force.However, when the friction speed is large, every filament does not move and deform together with each other synchronously with the time variation of the frictional force and hence, the slip easily occurs.
(2) Yarns with more filaments or larger fineness show larger frictional tangling strength because of larger degree of entanglement and cohesion of filaments.

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To evaluate the diameter of lightning discharge column, a unique image observation system has been developed. The system utilizes a video camera and an array of multi-wires. The wire make the shadow in the image of the light source and from the light intensity profile of the shadow the width of the light source is estimated. By using the dummy light source, good agreement has been obtained in the light intensity profile between observed and the calculated. The resolution was evaluated and found that it is one order enhanced as that evaluated from the image width. The system was successfully utilized to observe the real lightning discharges.

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テレビジョン電話で相手の顔を見ながら話をするサービスを主体としたときの画質, および, それに関連した技術的諸問題, ならびに, 現在発表されているテレビジョン電話機および使用例について, その概要を解説する.

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The processing mechanism, structure and property of multiple filament interlaced yarns with alternate tangling and opening parts are described on the basis of experimental data. The most important factor in the interlacing process is an air flow in a yarn duct of an interlacer. The high speed turbulent air jetting into the yarn duct from an air jet nozzle opens multiple filaments of running yarns separately and changes their relative positions. An opening part is formed at the position subjected to the air jet directly and tangling parts are formed at its both ends. The tangling parts keep their forms by the friction among filaments although the tangling part formed before the air jet nozzle is directly subjected to the air jet. Filaments in the tangling parts contact with each another and the number of tangles depends on the processing conditions of the working air pressure and feed ratio.

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デジタル放送の特徴を活かした多様なサービスを実現するために,膨大な情報量を持つハイビジョン映像の高圧縮が望まれている.デジタル放送で用いられるMPEG-2映像符号化では,低ビットレート時に動きベクトル符号長の占める割合が高くなり,画像によっては大幅な画質劣化が生じる原因となっている.このため,デジタルハイビジョンの低ビットレート化には動きベクトル符号量の低減が必要である.本稿では,マクロブロック当たりの総符号量を最小にする符号化モードと動きベクトルを選択する手法を提案し,本手法による画質改善の効果を確認したので報告する.

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Sea fog in Huang Hai sea is observed by NOAA/AVHRR data at April 2001. Its large CCT values of 3 to 5 channels and small Ch4-Ch5 value can be used to distinguish from cloud. The sea fog does not arrive at high altitude and its lifespan is about 1 day.

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