JEPIX（Japan Environmental Policy Priorities Index）is a method of environmental life cycle impact assessment（for Japanese companies in a domestic meaning）related with products, product parts, production processes and a factory/company as a whole. This paper introduces the initial development of JEPIX study briefly, and expounds the fundamental structures, features and practical uses of JEPIX. On the whole, there are three major characteristics in the JEPIX measurement system:（1）JEPIX is based on national environmental policies and environmental laws/regulations of Japan, （2）JEPIX uses（only）single unit EIP（Environmental Impact Point）as its overall measurement and reporting unit, and（3）JEPIX adopts the simple weighting factor F/Fk（F: actual flow, Fk: critical flow）, which is based on the so-called “distance to target method”. With these merits, it is in the undustrial world widely recognized that JEPIX can be very useful for many major companies in Japan. But there are still some important points which must be improved immediately from the standpoints of time span, geographic areas and impact categories. This paper discusses the basic content of these current（problem oriented）improvements of JEPIX calculations, related with the development of new Ecofactors of Swiss BUWAL（Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Swiss EPA）.

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Since 1980s the theoretical discussion in the economic ethics has been activated in the German-speaking area, which dimension can be illustrated by the volume and diversity of its contributions. Its recent developmet seems to show a tendency to converge into several types of argument according to their methodological standpoints. This paper aims at comparing and characterizing them especially from such methodological viewpoints as the fundamental relation of the moral norms to the economy, the criterion for their legitimation, the place of their implementation and so on. In this way we can make up a typology of the German-speaking economic-ethical discourse with three theoretical species. First, the economic and institutionalist theory of moral represented typically by Karl Homann. This approach founds the moral norms on the economic rationality and intends to reduce the ethics itself to the economics. Secondly, the Aristotelian material ethics which should be applied to the economy in order to correct it on demand. This standpoint is represented by Peter Koslowski. Thirdly, the consensus-oriented discourse-ethics which radically questions normative conditions of the economic rationality and brings it forward for the public discourse. In this way of the reflexion and internal criticism, the St.Galler School of the economic ethics initiated by Peter Ulrich intends to integrate the economic and ethical rationality in order to transform the former to a broader rationality.

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How has Quanjude, a restaurant renowned for its Peking Duck—a local specialty of Beijing—developed in the wake of China’s economic reform? Although Quanjude is classified as a state-owned enterprise, it cannot be considered a brand that has developed only by virtue of this classification.

Should the role of longstanding enterprises be considered similar to that of other state-owned enterprises? Along with many other longstanding enterprises, Quanjude was founded in the Beijing district of Qianmen, which is located in the jurisdiction of the city’s municipal government. Then, how is Quanjude viewed by the Beijing government?

This study attempts to investigate the status given to longstanding enterprises by the Beijing government with reference to the two paradoxes proposed by Martin Whyte (2009) regarding “decentralization of authority” and “a return to matters rejected during the Cultural Revolution.”

With a principal focus on four topics, this study undertook a detailed investigation of a broad range of materials that included statistical yearbooks as well as current articles and journals. It found that (1) brand value is protected as intellectual property through certification as a “China Time-honored Brand,” and this cultural resource is reflected in the policies of the Beijing government. (2) Apart from commercial activities, these enterprises are simultaneously engaged in activities that cannot be considered primarily profit-oriented. Although longstanding enterprises have developed on the basis of the principle of competition, they are grounded in the relationships of “mutual aid” by which large-scale enterprises drive SME firms through partnerships that enable omni-channel marketing through outlets such as brick-and-mortar stores and online shopping. (3) Areas with high concentrations of longstanding enterprises (and thus of tourism resources) represent a shared resource and therefore require certain macro controls that enable them to address the preservation of this resource. (4) Finally, the ownership and governance structure of longstanding enterprises include elements of a conglomerate structure that is conducive to effective policy implementation by the Beijing government.

The Beijing government thus positions longstanding enterprises as both “commercial firms” and a “cultural industry,” while some of these firms also possess properties distinct from those of more conventional state-owned enterprises in terms of how they exercise influence by embodying businesses embedded in the community against a background of history, culture, and politics.

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日本の企業の96.9%が同族企業といわれているが、同族企業は非同族企業と比較して財務パフォーマンスが良いとの先行研究がある。その一方で、事業承継等において課題を有している企業が多く、企業数が減少傾向にある。同族企業が地方経済において重要な役割を果たしてきたことを考えると、各同族企業が直面する危機は、地方経済の衰退を意味すると言っても過言ではない。 　一方で、フランスの同族企業は、日本に先駆けて同族経営から同族保有へと移行し、企業経営におけるコーポレートガバナンスと、同族としてのファミリーガバナンスの両ガバナンスを意識した対応をすることで事業承継を円滑に実施して存続・成長を図ってきた。フランスの同族企業における取組みを踏まえて日本の同族企業においても活用できる対応策を明らかにすることは、日本の同族企業の存続・成長に資するものと考える。

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