1990年代以降にアフリカで生じた武力紛争をめぐる「国際社会」の行動や人道支援のありかたについては，主に政治学者や人類学者による研究の対象となり，実務者を交えた議論がなされてきた。筆者は，日本アフリカ学会の末席に加わりつつ，2003年から2015年まで国際的な非政府組織 (NGO) であるオックスファムの人道部門の政策を担当していた。オックスファムは，国境なき医師団と並んで，1990年代以降の人道支援をめぐる国際的議論を牽引した団体のひとつであり，とりわけ英語圏のアフリカ研究や人道支援研究においては分析や批判の対象になっている。本稿は，そのような組織の人道部門職員としての経験も交えながら，1990年代以降の人道支援をめぐる英語圏と日本におけるアフリカ研究の大まかな傾向を比較する作業を通じて，日本のアフリカ研究にみられる議論の特徴や課題を浮き彫りにすることを試みる。

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Using a genealogical approach, this study analyzes the dispositive of humanitarianism/trusteeship,which has constituted the power relationship between trustees and target societies and fields of intervention of power in international society. This dispositive was produced in colonial period and reproduced in the post-Cold War era. Previous studies tend to presume that colonial and new trusteeships are rooted only in liberalism. However, this study argues that it is underpinned not only by liberalism but also by humanitarian discourse. Moreover, it shows that trusteeship and humanitarianism have been mutually constitutive. However, this study does not attempt a complete history of humanitarianism and trusteeship. Its aim is to follow the formation and reproduction of power relations in international society. In order to do that, this study adopts a genealogical approach which was developed by Michel Foucault. And it uses the concept of dispositive by which Foucault sought to grasp micro-power relations. The concept of dispositive refers to the systems of power relations that can be established among various elements such as laws, institutions, regulations, statements, and social practices. Analyzing the dispositive which has constituted power relationship in international society, this article introduces the concepts of pathologization and prescriptions. By the concept of pathologization, I attempt to describe a process in which humanitarianism attributes root causes of human suffering to the nature of target societies, and thereby it constitutes the relationship between trustees and target societies. Subsequently, humanitarianism prepares prescriptions such as colonial administration to address the root causes of human suffering. Thus, trusteeship is established in the relationship between trustees and target societies. (In this study, ‘trusteeship’ refers to a relation of inequality and a field of intervention, rather than a specific or particular historical practice. Therefore,the concept of trusteeship includes various practices such as colonial administration, development assistance, and transitional administration.) This study starts with the hypothesis that the dispositive of humanitarianism/trusteeship was constituted in the British Empire in the 19th century. When colonial trusteeship was constituted, humanitarian discourse tended to pathologize target societies and to make prescriptions. The language of trusteeship harks back to the colonial period even while the humanitarianism of today tends to reject political and colonial content. A large scale peacebuilding has been underpinned by humanitarian discourse and practice which pathologized post-conflict societies and made prescriptions. While trusteeship requires strong moral justification, humanitarianism contributes to the constitution of trusteeship when it attempts to alleviate human suffering.

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