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  • 愛宕 出
    美学
    1985年 36 巻 3 号 53-
    発行日: 1985/12/31
    公開日: 2017/05/22
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 山家 哲雄
    照明学会誌
    2005年 89 巻 3 号 176-
    発行日: 2005/03/01
    公開日: 2025/05/14
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 中道 英美子
    英米文化
    2002年 32 巻 41-53
    発行日: 2002/03/31
    公開日: 2017/06/20
    ジャーナル フリー
    There is a huge gap between Henry Adams as a scholar of American history who wrote the nine-volume History of the United States during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison and Adams as author of Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres. Before Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres, he tries to be "logically accurate and habitually thorough." Adams also seems to find pleasure in debunking mythologized, idolized politicians like John Randolph of Roanoke who is "venerated as a descendant of Pocahontas" or George Washington. In Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres, however, he is going in the opposite direction: he repeatedly writes that he does not need accurate information, historical truth or facts. Adams tries to capture a sense of what the European Middle Ages had to say through its poetry, architecture, legends and myths, totally disregarding the socioeconomic conditions or geopolitics of those things. This essay covers Adams's three-month stay in Japan. Attempts are made to illuminate how Adams, who was obsessed with the idea of seeking facts and logic, became more open to mystical, mythical stories and artifacts about them. The microfilmed document called "Adams's Japan Expenses" contains not only the record of his monetary transactions, but also information about legendary stories and historical figures he came to know through his hosts and the artifacts while he stayed in Japan. Close examination of the information from this document as well as his letters and his travel companion, La Farge's description of their journeys clearly shows the validity of Shoichi Saeki's statement that it was in Asia that Adams underwent a transformation from an empirical historian to the literary writer who authored Mont-Saint -Michel and Chartres.
  • 髙橋 儀平
    福祉のまちづくり研究
    2016年 18 巻 3 号 60-63
    発行日: 2016/11/15
    公開日: 2017/08/01
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
  • Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature
    2021年 36 巻 135-143
    発行日: 2021/09/30
    公開日: 2024/05/08
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 聖遺物・偶像・仮面
    ヴァルテール フィリップ, 渡邉 浩司
    北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要
    2003年 12 巻 015-035
    発行日: 2003年
    公開日: 2020/08/31
    研究報告書・技術報告書 フリー
    At the time of the bear festival, which dates back to the pre-Christian age, a bear is symbolically (and sometimes even really) killed. Then, after being beheaded, it is reborn symbolically and its resurrection is celebrated. In Siberia and in Japan, among the Ainus and other people who practice shamanism like the Inuits, the bear is also sacrificed. Prehistoric religions must have celebrated this anthropomorphic animal, and the bear has become, so to speak, an “idol”. Medieval European literature retain many traces of ancient rituals and myths, and many literary texts evoke the mythical figure of the bear (in particular, the famous King Arthur whose name means ‘the bear’in all Celtic languages). The com bat of the knight against the giant constitutes a recurrent motif, and this combat always ends with the ritual beheadding of the giant and with the solemn exhibition of his head. We know that the Celts had a ritual built around the decapitated head, and this Celtic ritual of exposing human skulls can be compared to similar rituals of exposing bears’ skulls. Originally, it must have represented the same cultural practice, which could date back to the prehistoric period. In fact, the Ainus conserve the skull of the immolated bear as a talisman, while the Eskimos use it for their shamanic dances. The bear’s skull becomes a ”mask“ in the latter case. The motif of the decapitated head survived in the Middle Ages in a number of stories belonging to hagiographic legends. In this kind of story, having been beheaded, the saint picks up his decapitated head, and goes home as if nothing happened. In the list of this type of saint prepared by Pierre Saintyves, some names meaning ‘the bear’ can be observed. So, we can see that, in the Occidental Christian hagiography, there is a mythical theme of the beheadding of a bear. Probably, we should view the persistant cult of “relics” in Christianity, in connection with this ancient ritual of the head conserved from a sacred animal or creature. Most likely, the bear is considered a symbolic object and rich in anthropological meaning due to the way its head compares to the human skull. Moreover, the skull of the bear permits us to distinguish three stages in the constitution of an anthropological metaphor of the sacred: “relic”, “idol” and “mask”. That’s why, analogically, and through the bear, human beings associated this relation with the sacred and with myth.
  • 放射線化学
    2013年 95 巻 50-
    発行日: 2013年
    公開日: 2021/10/29
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    ・ICPA-16参加報告 オローク ブライアン(産総研)
    ・ICESS2012に参加して 藤井健太郎(原子力機構)
    ・10th meeting of the Ionizing Radiation and Polymers Symposium(IRaP'2012)参加報告 平岩 郷志(早大理工研))
    ・APSRC-2012参加報告 岩松和宏(東大院工)、樋川智洋(阪大産研)、土田亮太(早大院先進理工)、黒澤知里(金沢大院工)
  • 嶋崎 礼
    日本建築学会計画系論文集
    2020年 85 巻 771 号 1113-1119
    発行日: 2020年
    公開日: 2020/05/30
    ジャーナル フリー

     In some Gothic monuments, the wall inclines outwards at the height of the triforium (Chalon-sur-Saône Cathedral, Saint-Martin Church of Clamecy). The triforium is a horizontal passage running through the main piers which are critical to the stability of a monument. I examined the masonry of the triforium in several monuments and the plans at the height of the triforium (available at the MAP (Médiathèque de l’architecture et du patrimoine) of Paris or the online database “Mémoire”). The study has shown that several security measures could be taken to diminish the risk of weakening the piers.

     This paper investigates the three solutions at the intersection of passages and piers (Fig. 1): 1. Passages running through the piers (reinforcement by internal buttresses); 2. Passages turning around the piers; 3. Blocking-up of the passage.

     1. Passages running through the piers (reinforcement by internal buttresses)

     The passage continues through the piers. The section of the pier decreases at the height of the triforium. This solution was already common in the Romanesque clerestory passage. At the intersection of the passage and the pier, the construction is reinforced employing additional masonry (internal buttress) which reduces the height of the passage (Fig. 3). At the Amiens Cathedral (Fig. 4, 5), the width of the passage is also reduced, but in most cases, the passage runs without narrowed (Cathedrals of Soissons, Meaux, Lyon (Fig. 6-9), etc.). From around 1200, the masonry of the pier comes to be made by large ashlar blocks instead of small blocks and rubble fills (Fig. 10-15). This seems to contribute to ensuring the stability of the pier.

     2. Passages turning around the piers

     The passage turns around the piers instead of running through them. The rear wall of the triforium bends toward the attic. This solution can be seen in tall cathedrals in southern France (Narbonne, Limoges, Rodez (Fig. 16, 17), etc.) and monuments without aisle attic (lower triforium of Beauvais Cathedral, Mont-Saint-Michel (Fig. 21, 23), etc.). At the Auxerre Cathedral, the choir triforium (c. 1215-) was blocked up after the risk of collapse became urgent, which later led the nave triforium (14th century) turn around the pier from the beginning (Fig. 20).

     3. Blocking-up of the passage

     In order not to reduce the section of the piers, some passages were simply blocked up at the intersection, from the beginning or afterward (Fig. 24, 25). To block up or not the passage depends on the judge of the master/architect of the building. In some monuments, after the passages in the preceding parts were plugged because of safety reasons, they were blocked from the beginning in the following parts (Saint-Quentin (Fig. 24, 27), Troyes Cathedral). At the Noyon Cathedral, the architect decided to condemn the passage to ensure the stability of the thinned piers (Fig. 26).

     The examples of Auxerre, Saint-Quentin, Troyes, Noyon shows that the triforium passage was thought to endanger the stability of the pier. Both the triforium and the pier-centered construction were widely pursued in Gothic architecture; to keep both of them would have been an important problem for architects.

  • 田辺 裕, フリッポノー ミシェル
    地理学評論
    1971年 44 巻 11 号 780-785
    発行日: 1971/11/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Report read at the symposium on Applied Geography in General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers in Tokyo on 4th April, 1971. Translated by Hiroshi TANABE, Professeur â l'Universite de Tokyo.
  • 歴史の科学に向かって
    松山 信直
    アメリカ研究
    1988年 1988 巻 22 号 1-13
    発行日: 1988/03/25
    公開日: 2010/10/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 門田 安弘
    管理会計学 : ⽇本管理会計学会誌 : 経営管理のための総合雑誌
    2001年 9 巻 2 号 77-85
    発行日: 2001/03/31
    公開日: 2019/03/31
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 山田 泰完
    ドイツ文學
    1991年 86 巻 12-23
    発行日: 1991/03/01
    公開日: 2008/03/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    Die Geschichten vom Gral, die anscheinend völlig unerwartet zwischen dem Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts und dem Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts entstanden, weisen eindeutig änigmatische Züge auf. Es fehlen Dokumente und Belege, die den Hintergrund und die Umstände der Überlieferung näher beleuchten. Viele Belege gingen auch durch die mündliche Überlieferung der Geschichten verloren. Sollte es diesbezüglich Dokumente gegeben haben, so sind sie zurückgehalten, verfälscht oder vernichtet worden.
    In der Ziet um die Jahrhundertwende, die nicht mehr durch eine Atmosphäre der Aufgeschlossenheit, sondern durch eine der religiös-gesellschaftlichen und kulturell-geistigen Unterdrückung gekennzeichnet war, wurde die "Geschichte vom Gral“ nur als mythologisierte überliefert. Mit der Zeit wurde aus dem Mhytos vom "Gral“ ein Märchen, und er wurde nur noch zum Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Forschung. Er war lange nicht mehr ein mythisches Moment, ein Symbol des Idealen, geschweige denn ein Gegenstand wirklicher Suche.
    Das Fieber hinsichtlich der Gralssuche in der Gegenwart kann durchaus als ein neues Mythologisierungsphänomen bezeichnet werden; es ist ein Beweis dafür, daß, was gegenwärtig geschieht, unmittelbar mythenbildend sein kann. Dieses Referat betrifft also den Gegenstand mediävistischer Forschung nur am Rande, ich hoffe aber, daß das Verständnis gegenwärtiger Mythologisierungsphänome auch zu einem besseren Verständnis solcher Erscheinungen im Mittelalter ein wenig beitragen kann.
    Wolfram von Eschenbach denkt bei seiner Darstellung des Grals an einen tatsächlich existierenden Kelch, und aufgrund konkreter Hinweise lassen sich Vermutungen hinsichtlich seines Aufbewahrungsortes anstellen. Die Legende um diesen Kelch ist mit der um Glastonbury vergleichbar. Wolfram hat dies aber aus nicht bekannten Gründen verschwiegen. Obwohl er betont, daß der Gral trotz größter Anstrengung unerreichbar ist und an einem unauffindbaren Ort verborgen, ist deutet er selbst auf diesen Ort hin. Dies kann als ein Ablenkungsmanöver angesehen werden, da er seine tatsächliche Absicht zu verschleiern versucht. Auch die Frage hinsichtlich der Vorlage könnte damit in Verbindung stehen. Die Tatsache, daß Wolfram über so viele Kenntnisse verfügt, weist darauf hin, daß ihm außer Chréstiens Werk weitere Quellen zur Verfügung standen. Daß wir keine entsprechenden Belege, ja nicht einmial Spuren davon auffinden können, liegt wahrscheinlich daran, daß die Überlieferung des Wissens mündlich erfolgte. Gerade die mündliche Überlieferung des esoterischen Wissens erfolgte möglicherweise in weit größerem Ausmaß als wir es uns bisher vorgestellt haben.
    Die gnostisch-esoterische Interpretation wie bei Rudolf Steiner, die den Gral als Symbol des gnostischen Wissens ansieht, wird hier nicht ausführlich erörtert, obwohl sie sich heutzutage mehr und mehr durch-setzt. In diesem Fall wird der Gral nur als Symbol des Gesuchten und nicht als Gegenstand der wirklichen Suche an sich betrachtet. Freilich nimmt er als deren Gegenstand in manchen Fällen auch solch esoterische Züge an. Seit Otto Rahn das moderne Mythologisierungsphänomen wieder aufgegriffen hat, scheint das Languedoc das Zentrum der Gralsu-chenden von heute geworden zu sein. Wie in der damaligen Übergangszeit, so scheint auch heutzutage eine neue Sage zu entstehen, die wohl ebenfalls nur als Mythos überleben kann. Das Wort San Graal im Okzitanischen wird als Anagramm Sang Raal (königliches Blut) wiedergegeben und im Sinne einer "Blutlinie“ von David über Salomon, Jesus und die weiteren Nachfahren interpretiert.
  • ―『笑い泣きのこころ』における「疎外」の概念―
    *森脇 慧
    日本フランス語フランス文学会関東支部論集
    2020年 29 巻
    発行日: 2020年
    公開日: 2021/08/19
    会議録・要旨集 フリー
  • 土肥 篤
    イタリア学会誌
    2020年 70 巻 125-145
    発行日: 2020年
    公開日: 2021/02/02
    ジャーナル フリー

    Il presente contributo prende in esame le proprietà semantiche e sintattiche del cosiddetto dativo etico nel quadro teorico della grammatica generativa. L’osservazione del comportamento di questo elemento permette di elaborare l’ipotesi che un tipo di dativo etico abbia accesso ad un campo estremamente alto nella struttura sintattica della frase, chiamato Speech Act Projection.

    Ampiamente diffuso nelle lingue indo-europee, il dativo etico è stato studiato accuratamente e a lungo. Il presente esame prende le mosse da un indirizzo di studi che distingue due tipi di dativo etico, che mostrano comportamenti distinti l’uno dall’altro. Il primo è il dativo di partecipazione emotiva (definito dativo etico “vero e proprio” negli studi precedenti), mentre il secondo viene definito dativo conversazionale.

    Esemplificando il diverso comportamento delle due tipologie, si osserva che il primo non presenta limitazioni nella forma della persona e del numero in cui appare, indicando la persona che partecipa emotivamente all’evento descritto, mentre il secondo appare esclusivamente nella seconda persona e ricopre la funzione semantica di collegamento diretto con il ricevente allo scopo di coinvolgerlo emotivamente nell’evento.

    Mostrando una funzione legata all’enunciato piuttosto che al contenuto proposizionale, il dativo etico è stato spesso considerato un elemento legato al discorso. Nello specifico, alcuni studi hanno evidenziato somiglianze che esso sembra condividere con un particolare gruppo di particelle discorsive: le particelle modali. Nel presente lavoro si intende tuttavia evidenziare che il dativo etico (di entrambi i tipi) in realtà mostra comportamenti non assimilabili ad esse.

    La funzione delle particelle modali, dal punto di vista semantico, è quella di modificare la forza illocutiva della frase, negando una o più condizioni di felicità: funzione, questa, che non è mai ricoperta dal dativo etico. Dal punto di vista sintattico, inoltre, le frasi secondarie mostrano una distribuzione del dativo etico divergente da quella delle particelle modali.

    Per quanto si sia spesso sostenuto che le particelle modali non hanno facoltà di apparire in contesti subordinativi, studi recenti hanno evidenziato frasi secondarie che ne ammettono la presenza, caratteristica che non emerge invece dall’esame del dativo etico. Si nota in particolare che mentre il dativo di partecipazione non sembra mostrare restrizioni particolari, la presenza del dativo conversazionale non pare essere ammessa nemmeno nelle frasi secondarie che ammettono le particelle modali. Tutto ciò suggerisce che soltanto il dativo conversazionale funzioni a livello di enunciato e che le modalità di svolgimento di tale funzione divergano da quelle delle particelle modali.

    Le proprietà del dativo conversazionale, di collegamento diretto con l’ascoltatore con forte restrizione nel contesto subordinativo, vengono spesso condivise dai fenomeni definiti genuine root phenomena, esempi caratteristici dei quali sono il marcatore di cortesia -mas- in giapponese e l’accordo allocutivo (allocutive agreement) in basco.

    Nell’ultimo decennio hanno visto la luce studi che, allo scopo di chiarire tali particolarità distributive, ipotizzano un campo sintattico estremamente alto, denominato Speech Act Projection. Questi presupposti potrebbero permettere la definizione di una relazione di accordo fra questi fenomeni e una testa funzionale responsabile della realizzazione sintattica dell’ascoltatore. Le similarità osservate tra i genuine root phenomena e l’elemento qui preso in esame inducono a supporre che nelle frasi contenenti il dativo conversazionale abbia luogo lo stesso accordo.

    A partire dall’ipotesi seminale del cosiddetto split CP avanzata da Luigi Rizzi e dall’approccio cartografico che l’ha

    (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

  • [記載なし]
    史学雑誌
    2008年 117 巻 5 号 1058-1039
    発行日: 2008/05/20
    公開日: 2017/12/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 玉置 啓二
    都市計画論文集
    2002年 37 巻 547-552
    発行日: 2002/10/25
    公開日: 2017/11/07
    ジャーナル フリー
    「ルネサンス・デ・シテ」は、第一次世界大戦後のフランスの戦争被災地の復興を支援するために、1916年に設立されたフランスのアソシエーションである。ル・コルビュジエは1918年からこのアソシエーションの活動に関わった。本稿は、まず最初にこのアソシエーションの組織と活動を概観し、次いでそこでの活動がル・コルビュジエの都市デザインに与えた影響を考察する。結論は以下の通り。ル・コルビュジエ自身はこのアソシエーションについて語ることはほとんどなかったが、実際には技術部会の創設メンバーとしてその活動に深く関わり、特に次の2点において非常に大きな影響を受けた。ルネサンス・デ・シテの活動においては戦争被災地に遍在する問題を理想的な「定型モデル」を提示することによって解決しようとする手法が積極的に試みられた。ル・コルビュジエはこの手法については極めて肯定的であり、「定型モデル」による都市デザインを積極的に実践した。またその活動においては被災地のリージョナリズムが意識的に尊重された。しかしル・コルビュジエはこの手法については極めて否定的であり、徹底的なアンティ・リージョナリズムによる都市デザインを実践した。
  • 岸田 裕之
    電気設備学会誌
    2008年 28 巻 1 号 61-70
    発行日: 2008/01/10
    公開日: 2015/03/20
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 堀端 孝治
    四日市大学論集
    1997年 10 巻 1 号 191-209
    発行日: 1997/09/01
    公開日: 2019/12/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 筬島 大悟
    文化資源学
    2020年 18 巻 17-30
    発行日: 2020年
    公開日: 2021/07/16
    ジャーナル フリー

    近年、世界遺産委員会会合において、特に世界遺産リストにおける締約国の推薦資産の審査の際、当該資産の価値の解釈について、各国の主張と条約の諮問機関の意見の対立が顕著にみられるようになってきた。本稿では、そもそも世界遺産条約作成時において、条約の作成者たちが条約の運用をどのように考え、何が国際的に価値のあるものなのかを議論していたかを明らかにするために、各諮問機関によって最初のクライテリア草案が提示された史料である『モルジュレポート』の分析を行った。分析の結果、当時の諮問機関の専門家たちは、多くは固有な価値といった普遍性を評価する基準を作成しながらも、一部に「カテゴリー資産」、「人と自然との関係」など代表性を評価する視点を有していた。したがって、グローバル・ストラテジー以前から、すでに代表性を評価する視点を有していたことが示された。

  • ―線条化のプロセス(その3)―
    佐藤 達生
    日本建築学会計画系論文集
    2011年 76 巻 670 号 2439-2448
    発行日: 2011/12/30
    公開日: 2012/03/02
    ジャーナル フリー
    Detailed measurements of compound piers in forty-one 12th century churches in Ile-de-France and in fifteen churches dating from the middle of the 11th century to the middle of the 12th century in Normandy indicate the following:
    1) All shafts from compound piers in Ile-de-France rise entirely from the re-entrant corners of the core in the tiers of the pier. In this regard, compound piers from the transitional and early Gothic periods are homogeneous.
    2) Shafts from compound piers in the main Normandy churches penetrate the re-entrant corner by up to about one half or three quarters of its volume. This feature clearly differentiates compound piers in Normandy from those in Ile-de-France.
    The results prove the prototype of Gothic architecture to have been produced not in Normandy but in Ile-de-France.
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