The effect of XKJ-001, a crude drug preparation based on Seisho-ekki-to, was investigated on the hematocrit, plasma volume, extracellular and interstitial fluid volumes as well as water excretion in mice. Mice were housed in an animal room maintained at 34°C for 3 d with water and food freely available. While the hematocrit, extracellular and interstitial fluid volumes increased, the plasma volume decreased. These results suggest that the distribution of body water in mice housed at high environmental temperature exhibit the state of water metabolism disorders (Suitai) described in Kampo medicine. After the administration of XKJ-001 (3 g/kg, once a day) for 5 d, mice were housed in an animal room maintained at 34°C for 3 d. The administration of XKJ-001 was allowed to continue on the day 0, day 1 and day 2. XKJ-001 inhibited the increase in hematocrit and the changes in body water distribution of mice induced by high environmental temperature. An effect of XKJ-001 on water excretion in mice was investigated in comparison with hydrochlorothiazide (HTZ). Distilled water (D.W., 100 ml/kg) or bicarbonate saline (B.S., 100 ml/kg) was intraperitoneally injected immediately after the oral administration of XKJ-001 (1.5 g/kg) or HTZ (15 mg/kg). The water excretion was enhanced after 3 h for XKJ-001 and after 6 h for HTZ after the intraperitoneal injection of D.W. As for the intraperitoneal injection of BS, HTZ enhanced the water excretion, however, XKJ-001 exhibited no effect. These results suggest that XKJ-001 has activities on water maldistribution and facilitates the water excretion.

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  The purpose of this research was to examine material in elementary school home economics textbooks and identify materials appropriate for use in citizenship education. Furthermore, we aimed to present a tentative plan for a citizenship education curriculum in elementary school home economics. We came to the following conclusions through an investigation of the relation between the existing textbooks for elementary school home economics and the components of citizenship education for home economics.

  1. We were able to choose subject matter from existing textbooks. However, fostering citizenship in elementary school home economics education requires paying attention to two important issues: education of controversial issues and the development of a propensity for putting matters into perspective.

  2. Lesson planning can be conducted by examining the home economics citizenship education content matrix for the two issues mentioned above. Therefore, by using existing home economics textbooks, in this research we present a tentative plan for citizenship education in elementary school home economics.

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