The practical combat effectiveness (the practicality of martial arts techniques in real combat) of Chinese martial arts is considered to be its main characteristic, and changes to it may affect its development. During the sportification of Chinese martial arts, especially in wushu taolu, its practical combat effectiveness has always been the focus of controversy. This study aims to reveal the changing process of practical combat effectiveness in wushu taolu by analyzing all versions of the competition rules, as well as interviews of former athletes. The main findings are as follows:

(1) In the 1973 rules, the “difficulty of techniques” was emphasized. Along with the introduction of difficult movements, wushu taolu techniques gradually shifted to an emphasis on speed and agility. A tendency of ignoring the offensive and defensive features of the techniques has appeared.

(2) In the 1979 rules, practical combat effectiveness was temporarily emphasized. In order to halt the decline, movement difficulty was excluded from the rules. However, a trend to pursue speedy and agile movements still existed. Since difficulty was limited by the rules, athletes began to redesign their weapons and jerseys.

(3) In the 2003 rules, due to the international popularization of wushu taolu, the degree of difficulty was reintroduced, and the difficulty score was raised greatly from 0.2 point to 2.0 points. At the same time, the number of major movements was decreased.

(4) The major influence on the decline of the practical combat effectiveness of wushu taolu is its difficulty. Emphasizing the degree of difficulty without questioning the practical combat effectiveness may lead to wushu taolu losing its characteristics. If wushu taolu is considered to be a sport and at the same time categorize itself as a martial art, it is necessary to clarify the definition of difficulty and analyze the relationship between difficulty and practical combat effectiveness of wushu taolu.

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中国は改革・開放政策の実施により, 社会主義市場経済を推進し, 経済面において, 大きな発展を遂げてきた. しかし, 経済のグローバル化やIT技術の急速な進展により, 国内外における企業間の競争が激化し, 持続的な経済成長を達成させるため, 産業構造の高度化が急務となってきている.
本稿では, 21世紀における経済大国への躍進を睨み, 中国の科学技術政策の重要な一部であるハイテクベンチャー育成政策に焦点を当て, その現状及び可能性について考察することとする.

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近年、中国では大学数、大学の学生数、及び研究機構、研究者が急速に増加している。大学進学率は、1990年の3.4%から2007年の23%まで成長した。本論では、急成長する中国の大学におけるデザイン関連学科の教育について、主に、カリキュラムや教育内容について、デザイン系学科を有する主な10校に対し、工業デザイン関連学科の調査を行った。これらのデータより、各大学の特徴をグループとして把握した。その結果、グループは4つに分類でき、中央美術学院、同済大学及び江南大学は、主にプロダクトに対しての技術性の実習科目を学ぶ大学、広州美術学院、北京理工大学及び清華大学のように、基礎知識の養成が重視される大学、湖南大学や復旦大学のように商業ベースの授業の多い大学、浙江大学のように感性に関する課程が多い大学というグループが形成された。また、10校中7校で、クリエイティブデザインという科目が設置されているのが特徴的であった。

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急速な中国の経済発展は、もともと水資源に恵まれない中国北部地域において水資源問題をますます深刻なものにしている。本報告では、中国北部地域の都市における水環境問題の現況を分析し、水資源不足、水質汚染、地下水の過剰汚染、低い水利用効率などの諸問題を紹介した。これら深刻な中国北部都市域における水環境問題の対策としての「南水北調プロジェクト」、水法および水道水の累進従量制、水循環と水資源の持続可能な利用に関する水経済の観点に立脚した4R (Reduce, Reuse, Recovery, Recycle) の原則等を紹介した。最後に、大連市内での水循環経済、及び現在進行中の水質改善技術「863計画」と今後の課題を紹介した。

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2000年9月に, IEEE生体医工学ソサイエティによるアジア太平洋地域での初めての国際会議(IEEE-EMBS Asia-Pacific Conference on Biomedical Engineering:生体医工学に関するアジア太平洋国際会議)が杭州()で開催された. その会議の経緯と, で進められている大学組織の統合, さらに生体医工学がその中でどの様にとらえられているかを, この会議のConference Secretariatであった浙江大学 夏順仁 教授にレポートして頂いた.

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In order to investigate the effective seismic strengthening methods for un-reinforced brick masonry (URM) walls in developing countries, a total of twenty confined and unconfined two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) brick masonry wall specimens with different wall reinforcing details are designed, constructed and tested under constant vertical axial loads of 0.48MPa and 0.84MPa, and alternately repeated lateral forces. One of the main conclusions obtained is that the confined brick masonry walls with connecting bars along the vertical wall-to-wall connections between URM walls and cast-in-place confined reinforced columns as well as the horizontal wall reinforcement are very effective for improving the seismic structural behavior of URM walls against severe earthquakes.

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This study, through comparison between China and Japan, was intended to understand the current situation of curricula of physical education teacher training for junior high schools in China, and then clarify the problems and determine the ways to solve them in China. In this study, China's 49 universities which hold the physical education teacher training courses for junior and senior high schools and Japan’s 53 universities in which teaching license of health and physical education could be obtained were investigated. The construction of curricula of physical education teacher training for junior high schools in China and Japan, in particular the status of “education and professional studies” within the curricula, and the contents of “curriculum study” were surveyed. The results of China and Japan were compared and considered.
The results were summarized as follows;
1) Compared with Japan, there is a gap among the universities about the numbers of credits of “education and professional studies” of curricula of physical education teacher training in China. Also, compared with Japan, the proportion of “education and professional studies” in China was lower, accounted for about one third of Japan’s.
2) Compared with Japan, in China, as the “curriculum study” of curricula of physical education teacher training, the basic theory of teaching physical education and the knowledge about designing classes of physical education were taught much more, while the practical knowledge of teaching classes and practical experiences for teaching classes were taught less.
3) Now, in China, the reform of education of teaching profession in the curricula of physical education teacher training for junior high schools, such as making a classification or increasing the numbers of credits of “education and professional studies”, are needed. In addition, the traditional content and teaching methods of “curriculum study” of the curricula of physical education teacher training should be reformed. And then, according to the national conditions in China, it seems that the minimum standards of statutory about “education and professional studies”, including “curriculum study” are needed to promulgate for the universities which conduct the teacher training courses.

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本記事に「抄録」はありません。

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This research takes the 99 Chinese historical-cultural cities as the object of study. As the first step using the size of urban area and the increasing-ratio of population of these cities, we attempt to classify these cities into 3 types, and we choose the historical-cultural cities of medium and small scale as a main object. Basing on the questionnaire for local governments about the conservation policies, we analyze the current subjects for conservation of the historical-cultural cities of medium and small scale in China.

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2022年4月21日，

教育部から日本学習指導要領にあたる義務教育課程標準が発表された。今回発表された課程標準は，2版目の全国適応の義務教育課程標準であり，2011年の義務教育課程標準と大きく異なった。本来義務教育の3-6学年に設定された科学の授業が1-6学年に拡大され，理科（科学，物理，化学，生物）の割合も増加した。それに併せて，他教科との連携活動や実験や探究の授業も増加した。化学の義務教育課程標準では，生徒の育成目標が明記された他，教員研修の重視や教材研究の必要性が語られた。各単元では授業の指針が明確になり，「やるべき実験と探究活動」の項目が増えた。生徒の育成目標でも今まで学んだ知識から問題解決を図らせるなど，「教える」教育だけでなく「考える」教育に移行しつつある。そこで，より具体的に新旧の義務教育化学課程標準の比較を行い，中国の目指す今後の科学教育の観点を明らかにする。

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Maternal mortality rates, infant mortality rates, neo-natal mortality rates and the causes of those deaths in China were compared with Japan. 1. In China, maternal mortality rate of urban district was 4.9 times as high as Japan and that of rural district was 12.2 times as high as Japan. In the causes of maternal deaths, the percentages of hemorrhage and sepsis of puerperal were higher in China than Japan. 2. In China, infant mortality rate of urban district was 3.8 times as high as Japan and that of rural district was 6.9 times as high as Japan. The percentage of deaths less than four weeks after birth in infant deaths was higher in China than Japan. The first cause of infant deaths were neo-natal diseases in both countries and the proportion of that was higher in China than Japan. The second cause of infant deaths in Japan was congenital malformations and that in both district in China was respiratory system diseases such as pneumonia or bronchitis. 3. In China, neo-natal mortality rate of urban district was 4.3 times as high as Japan and that of rural district was 7.7 times as high as Japan. The first cause of neo-natal deaths in both countries was birth injuries, hypoxia, postnatal asphyxia and other respiratory diseases. The second cause of Japan and urban district in China was congenital malformation and that of rural district in China was premature infant with unknown etiology. It seemed that these differences of the level of maternal and child health were caused from the differences of medical care and health service systems, health insurance system, and education level of mothers.

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本稿は,中華入民共和国期の中国において,人間と森林との関係を規定する基本法が,どのような特徴を有しつつ推移してきたのかを明らかにすることを目的としている。1963年に公布された森林保護条例を起源とし,現行の森林法に至る森林関連の基本法は,国土の森林を維持・拡大するために,基層社会の森林を利用する諸活動を規制・管理するという性格を一貫して有していた。1984年森林法では,緑化を公民の義務とすることが明記され,そのための活動に人々を動員するという性格が強められた。それは,産業振興法としての林業基本法が,森林の公益的機能の重視を含めた包括的な森林・林業基本法へと変容していく,同時期の日本の推移とは明らかに異なるものであった。そのような特徴と推移は,森林の過少状況,森林破壊の加速,社会主義統治といった,中国の森林関連の法令をめぐる社会背景に基づいていた。

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　　随着中国人口老龄化的急剧发展，如何能让老年人步入老龄后的生活质量得以保证，成为当今社会一个重要的课题。由于受中国传统道德观念、相关法律条文的规定、以及养老院服务质量不达标等诸多因素的影响，大多数的子女都选择自己亲自照顾年老后的父母，而非将父母送进养老院。由此，衍生出了另一个重要的问题，那就是亲自照顾老龄父母的子女以及其他亲属的“看护负担问题”。特别是独生子女如何在照顾父母和自己的工作生活中取得平衡。本文通过对中国和日本的养老机构、养老服务、针对于家族看护的援助措施等方面进行比较，明确中国家族看护者的现状及其需求。通过分析比较日本针对家族看护者的支援策略，从而明确了为了使中国家族看护者的看护负担得以减轻，需要通过居家养老“三大支柱”的设置、对于保姆以及其他养老服务工作的从业人员的专业化职前教育、社区服务的完善和充实这三个方面来进行改善。

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中国の地形的特徴を概観し、一覧表に纏めた。次に中国中央気象台が定めた気候区域区劃にしたがって中国の気候を概略解説した。区画は積温に基づいており、青蔵高原以外を9種類に区分している。各区域は更に乾燥度(蒸発量と降水量の比)で4種類に細分できる。主要39都市、台湾2箇所、香港と東京の月別平均気温、降水量、その他2、3のデータを集約して表にした。各省の気候を解説するのではなく、各気候区にどの様な地域が含まれているかを解説した。寒気団、梅雨、台風、風に付いて若干の解説をした。

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