屋久島西部地域には，野生ニホンザルが高密度で生息しており，ここを通過する道路では，容易にサルを観察できる。1999年から2016年の17年間にわたり，毎年8月に道路を歩いてサルの頭数をカウントした。発見率の長期的な変化は，場所によって異なっていた。国立公園外の区域や，公園内の北部地域で，減少傾向がみられる一方，公園内の南部では，高密度が保たれていることが示唆された。

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屋久島西部地域には，野生ニホンザルが高密度で生息しており，ここを通過する道路では，容易にサルを観察できる。1999年から2016年の17年間にわたり，毎年8月に道路を歩いてサルの頭数をカウントした。1999年にはサルの大量死が起こったが，その後，約10年間の間，出産率は2年周期で増減を繰り返した。その後，このような周期性は見られなくなった。このような増減の繰り返しは，宮城県金華山島など類似している。また，国立公園外ではサルの発見率が減少傾向にあり，サルが減少している可能性がある。

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Inclusion complex formation of anti-inflammatory drug biphenyl acetic acid (BA) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CyD) in water and in solid state was assessed by solubility method and powder X-ray diffractometry. The release of BA from suppository base in saline was significantly increased by the β-CyD complexation. The serum level of BA after the rectal administration in complex form to rats was higher than that of the drug alone. No appreciable change in irritation of the complex on rectal membrane in rats was obserbed in comparison with that of the drug alone in spite of the increase of bioavailability. The present data suggested that β-CyD seems to be useful for improving the pharmaceutical properties of BA in suppository formulation.

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An inclusion complex of acetohexamide (AHA) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CyD) in the molar ratio of 1 : 2 was prepared, and its permeation behavior through a cellophane membrane, in situ absorption behavior in rabbit small intestinal tract, and in vivo extent of bioavailability in rabbit were examined in comparison with those of AHA alone. The membrane permeation constant and in situ absorption rate of AHA in solution were found to decrease by the addition of β-CyD. However, the lesser permeability and absorptivity of the complex were significantly overcome by an improved solubility of AHA. The inclusion complexation of AHA with β-CyD was also effective in releasing drug from a hydrophobic suppository base such as Witepsol W₃₅. The complex increased highly the levels of plasma concentration and cumulative urinary excretion of AHA and hydroxyhexamide, one of the metabolites of AHA, after oral or rectal administration to rabbits. The increase of bioavailability of AHA by means of the inclusion complexation suggested the possibility of smaller doses and fewer side effects in sulfonylurea therapy.

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鹿児島県屋久島の海岸線から1～2kmまでの地帯, 計127.26km²において, ヤクシマザル(Macaca fuscata yakui)の野生群の分布状態を調査した。その結果, 131群の存在が推定された。植生と群れの分布状況から, ヤクシマザルは自然の広葉樹林に強く依存する傾向が認められた。とくに自然植生が残っている西部海岸において群れの密度がもっとも高かった。センサスでは, 合計1,852頭のヤクシマザルをカウントした。推計では, 約2,000～3,850頭のサルが調査地域内に生息するものと思われる。

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水溶液中ならびに固体状態における16, 16-Dimethyl-trans-Δ²-prostaglandin E₁ methylester (ONO-802) とα-, β-, γ-シクロデキストリン (α-, β-, γ-CyD) との複合体形成を溶解度法並びに粉末X線回折法により検討した. 複合体の安定度定数の大きさはβ-CyD複合体>α-CyD複合体>γ-CyD複合体の順であった. 溶解度相図に基づきモル比1: 2 (ONO-802: 2CyD) のβ-及びγ-CyD固体複合体を調製し, それらの溶解性, セロハン膜透過性, 坐剤基剤 (Witepsol H₁₅) からの放出性を検討し, ONO-802の場合と比較した. ONO-802の見掛けの溶解速度並びに膜透過速度は包接複合体形成により著しく増加した. また, CyD複合体の坐剤基剤からの放出性はONO-802単独に比べて著しく優れていた. これらの知見はONO-802のバイオアベイラビリティの向上及び製剤化に際してCyDの有効利用を示唆するものである.

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A census of wild Yakushima macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) troops was carried out in a 10.5km² area of 1, 020-1, 830m above sea level of Yakushima Island, Japan. In a 5km² area of the ecotone of broadleaf evergreen and conifer forests, troop sizes were larger (ca. 20 monkeys), and the home ranges were also larger. Troop density was about 0.7 troo ps/km². Some troops might have been provisioned by tourists. In a 5.5km² of conifer forest (1, 260-1, 830m a. s. l.), both troop size and home range size were smaller, and troop density was about 1.4-1.5tr oops/km². Fecal analysis suggests that they fed on more leaves of broadleave trees than the area of lower altitude.

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We studied the island-wide distribution of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima (Macaca fuscata yakui) in May 2017 and 2018. We walked 165.4 km along roads and recorded the location of 842 macaque feces. We divided the roads into segments 50 m in length (N=3308) and analyzed the effect of the areas of farms and villages or conifer plantations around the segments and also the presence of hunting for pest control on the presence or absence of feces. We divided the island into three areas based on population trend changes over the past two decades: north and east (hunting present, population decreasing); south (hunting present, no change) and west (hunting absent, no change). According to conditional autoregressive models incorporating spatial autocorrelation, only farms and villages affected the presence of feces negatively in the island-wide data set. The effect of hunting on the presence of feces was present only in the north and east and the effect of conifer plantations was present only in the west. Qualitative comparisons of the census records from the 1990s with the more recent census indicated that feces were no longer found in the private land near the northern villages of Yakushima, where macaques were previously often detected in the 1990s. In other areas, such as near the southern villages or in the highlands, macaques were detected both in the 1990s and in 2017-2018. Our results further strengthen the possibility that the macaques have largely disappeared around the villages in the northern and eastern areas. Since the damage of crops by macaques has recently reduced considerably, we recommend reducing hunting pressure in the north and east areas and putting more effort into alternative measures such as the use of electric fences.

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We studied about the non-woody plant diets of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), including herbaceous plants, ferns, mushrooms, seaweeds, and animal matter, in order to make clear how many numbers of non-woody plant food items were eaten by the macaques all over across Japan. This is useful information for both fundamental and applied studies of this species. Through a web-searching using "Web of Science" and "Google scholar", we collected 266 data sets from 215 articles from 49 study sites. The macaques fed on 460 species of herbaceous plants (from 258 genus/67 family), 30 species of ferns (from 24 genus/15 family: 15), 61 species of fungi (from 42 genus/19 family), 3 species of moss (from 3 genus/3 family), and 11 species of seaweeds (from 11 genus/7 family), respectively. For the herbaceous plants and ferns, we also studied the parts eaten. Macaques mainly fed on leaves and stems of the herbaceous plants. This was different from that of woody plant diets, for which the macaques evenly fed on leaves, fruits, buds, bark, and flowers. On the other hand, the macaques fed on 136 animal species, mainly insects (108 species, from 103 genus/15 order). They fed on only a few numbers of vertebrates (reptiles, amphibias, fish, and birds). The macaques fed on soil in many study sites. If we add information from Tsuji et al. (2011) about woody plant diets studied most intensively, the macaques in total fed on 1,154 species of plants and animals, and 2,406 dietary items of these plants. We also discussed about the usefulness of reviewing previous descriptive data.

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