Nishi Amane wanted to learn Sorai Studies but his wish did not come true because he was ordered by the feudal lord to study Neo-Confucianism. However, he succeeded in embracing modern Western scholarly ideas with Sorai Studies. This research clarifies Nishi Amane's translation, which connects the modern West and Japan, from two angles: the Confucian element of the translated word and the translation thought. In terms of word translation, it’s just like translating "Intellectual science" and "Physical science" into "心理上ノ学" and "物理上ノ学" respectively. While criticizing the Confucian "Li（理）", Nishi Amane created new words to express abstract concepts on the basis of "Li（理）".Regarding translational thoughts, Nishi Amane inherited Sorai's criticism of Confucianism's "theory of correlation between heaven and man", cut off the continuity of "Li（理）" between heaven and man, and prepared systematic academic terms for the modernization of Japan.

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駿河原宿植松家の帯笑園の訪問者の内, 高家大名等身分ある人々の訪問の具体的な有り様を, 植松家に残された日記と立ち寄り記録により明らかにした。彼らにとり帯笑園は, 園内の植物と共に, 富士の眺めや書画のコレクションが魅力であり, 植木好きの訪問者には, 植物や栽培法の知識を得情報を交換し, 珍しい植物を手に入れる場であったこと, さらに, 植松家は訪問者を通じて書画の収集を行っており, 身分ある人々の訪問は, 植松家にとって, 書画を集める有効な機会であったとする知見を得た。

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Matsue is considered one of the three major cities of tea culture, along with Kyoto and Kanazawa; however, it is not as wellknown as the other two cities. The deep relationship between Matsue and tea culture developed due to the efforts of Matsudaira Harusato, Fumai, who was the feudal lord of Matsue in the 18^th century, and father of Fumai-ryu, or the Fumai style of tea ceremony.
The aims of this paper are to clarify the process of establishing Fumai as a cultural resource of Matsue, by verifying the events honouring former feudal lords held in the Meiji and the Taisho period, and discuss the potential of Fumai and tea culture in the development of tourism in Matsue.

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平田国学が明治維新に与えた影響の如何という古典的な問いにつき、現在の研究状況をサーベイする。要点を三点にまとめると以下の通り。

第一点。戦後の平田国学研究には、戦時下の顕彰運動の反動で、ナショナリスティックな側面を取り上げることを回避して、霊的世界の探究者としての篤胤に注目する傾向があった。しかし政治運動に関わった人々の主体形成に篤胤国学が影響したことは否定しがたい。

第二点。近年の国立歴史民俗博物館における平田篤胤関係資料の調査の進展によって、篤胤やその家族、門人たちに関する豊饒な研究素材が学界に提供され、大きく研究水準が引き上げられた。古い議論にはそのままでは通用しない部分が生じている。

第三点。明治初年における平田国学の挫折、という通俗的理解には注意すべきである。津和野派や薩摩派の国学者も篤胤から影響を受けているのだから、平田直門の失脚だけでは維新政権での篤胤学の影響力の消滅は意味しない。

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After the transfer of the Tokugawas from Edo to Shizuoka as a result of the Meiji Restration (1868), Numazu Military College, its attached elementary school, Shizuoka Literay College and some other elementary schools were founded in its domain one after another. Among them, Numazu Military College whose head was Amane Nishi was opend on 8 January, 1869. At that time this college was the institution of the highest level in modern science, techinique and military Knowledge in Japan. And its attached elementary school and the other elementary schools near Numazu were the original form of two types of the modern elementary schools in Japan, which was planned by Chushogaku-Kisoku (the rules of middle and elementary schools) and by Fuken-shisei-junjyo (the enforcement order of the prefectural admininistration). The order and these rules were set by the new Meiji Goverment and its University respectively. Then, in January, 1879, Shizuoka-hansyogakko-okitegaki or Shin-okitegaki (the rule of the elementary school in the Shizuoka clan) was made on the basis of Tokugawake-Heigakko-Fuzokusyogakko-Okitegaki (the rule of the elementary school attached to Numazu Military College). By this rule, both the establishment of school system which had the unified structure and order in the whole clan and ladder systemazation of the dual system were aimed at. And at this time, the training of teachers and the education of girls started. In July, 1879, the Shizuoka clan goverment issued an official notie, which ordered the establishment of the elementary schools in its domain, in connection with this notice the above rule (Shin-okitegaki) was revised, which was called 'Sai-syusei-okitegaki.' Then the unified school system was strengthened more and more, while the tendency to the ladder system was converted to the dual system by a social position under the influence of 'Chusyogaku-Kisoku'. The educational polcy of the new Meiji Goverment was preoccupied by the education in Numazu Militay College and the elementary schools under its control (that is, its attached elementary school and the elementary schools near Numazu) and the training of teachers and the eduucation of girls in them. The modernization of the education in the Shizuoka clan started from the education of Numazu Military College and its attached elementary school. This fact suggests us the develoment of the modern education in Japan. From the transitional point of view, there was a remarkable contrast between the education in the Shizuoka clan and the educational policy of the new Meij Goverment. And we ought to give attention to this fact and also to the attitude and action of the scholars of western learning (its leaders were Amane Nishi-the head of Numazu Military College, and Mamichi Tsuda-the head of Shizuka Literary College).

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江戸時代の都市を対象とした歴史人口学は史料的な制約があって難しい。しかし見方を変えて,町人とは階級の異なる大名を都市住民と考えることにより,彼らの分析が可能になる。武士階級に関しては宗門改帳とはタイプの異なる記録史料である系譜を利用することができるからである。17世紀後半から19世紀前半にいたる200年間の乳幼児死亡率を求めると,それぞれ乳児死亡率は,193.2パーミル,幼児死亡率は229.6パーミルである。両者ともに,18世紀後半から上昇しはじめ19世紀半ばには対象とする期間のなかでもっとも高くなった。その原因は,乳幼児を取り巻く環境の悪化だけでなく,母体のおかれた環境の悪化にある。このような環境の悪化の具体的な内容として,消化器系疾患の広がりが考えられる。18世紀以降,都市化の進展や高い人口の流動性が,まず都市のなかで人口密度の高い町人居住地区に消化器系疾患を広めた。続いてそれが人口密度の低い武士居住地区に広がったために,大名の乳幼児が多く死亡したと考えることができるのである。

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the local policy adopted by the Ishin Government and the process of its implementation. We shall approach this subject by studying the dispute between the Okuma and Okubo factions in the early Meiji Over the financial aspects of the local policy. Bad harvests brought financial difficulties to the government and destitution to the farmers in the early Meiji. The government was thereby coofronted with problems in executing its local policy. Okuma's local policy emphasized tax collection and the concentration of taxes in the national treasury, while Okubo's local policy stressed "benevolent government" (jin-sei), the reduction of and exemption from taxes, and the cutting of government expenses. The Okubo clique appointed most of the local governors and important local officials and established local government institutions according to the design of Hirosawa. But, Okuma's party established a base for the execution of its policy by combining the Home Ministry with the Finance Ministry. Naturally, it then attempted to collect and concentrate taxes, as set by its program. But, such a program faced serious obstacles. The local administration organization by designed Hirosawa had not yet won popular acceptance, though it had already the germ of a new method to rule the people. So Okuma's tax policy continued with the result that farmers riots occurred frequently. Consequently, Okubo severely lambasted Okuma for not breaking up the Home Ministry from the Finance Ministry. After his tax policy had been frustrated, Okuma compromised by separating the two ministries. But, he still imposed his tax policy and also created the Ministry of Industry (Kobu-sho). Thus, the dispute between Okuma and Okubo was due tb the former's stress on the formation of capital because of the western impact and the latters stress on the formation of a political base. Okuma implemented his policy to overcome the government's financial difficulties and form a secure financial basis to let the country handle the western impact through such policies as the encouragement of industry. After the arrival of the West Japan was obliged to have a policy to handle the western impact. This policy demanded a financial base that led to a resolute policy of tax collection by the local governments for the central government. This approach, however, brought about riots by the farmers and further financial difficulties for the government. That, in short, is the conclusion found and proved in this paper.

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