1990年代以降とくに顕著となった企業スポーツの危機は、従業員の一体感や凝集性を高めるための福利厚生施策の一環として誕生したという成立の経緯そのものにあり、その後企業の広告・宣伝の役割も付加されたり、あるいはCSR（企業の社会的責任）の観点から位置づけ直されたりするようになったとはいえ、それ自体、費用対効果の点から企業業績に左右される不安定性を内包するものであった。この企業スポーツの衰退は、それを有力な人的供給源とするプロスポーツの弱体化を招き、地域社会の疲弊を加速しかねない重大な問題である。それゆえに企業スポーツを個別の経営から自立させるために、地域を主体としたクラブチームへの移行やプロリーグへの発展が追求されてきたのであり、サッカーのＪリーグと野球の独立リーグの誕生はその成果であった。しかし、それらがビジネスモデルとするべき日本のプロ野球は、最近一部に変化の動きはあるものの、長期にわたって「戦力の均衡」に基づく試合のダイナミズムを創出できなかったばかりか、企業経営としての自立性の欠如や権威主義的労使関係など多くの問題をかかえたままであった。
　しかもわが国にあってプロスポーツ選手の法的地位は、他の先進諸国に比べ不安定であり、それが選手たちの職業としての安定性に深い影を落としている。むろんプロ野球選手の一部に特徴的な高額な年俸は、その高い身体能力とスキルに対する報酬ではあるが、その現役期間の短さを考慮すれば彼らにあっても選手生活の後の社会生活が問題であり、当然にもセカンドキャリアが重要となる。とりわけプロスポーツ選手に固有の専門スキルは、所属球団やクラブに限定されないいわば職業特殊的なものであり、一般企業に適用可能なスキルではないゆえにその緊要性は一層高い。この意味においてＪリーグが先鞭をつけた選手に対するセカンドキャリア支援の試みは、注目に値する。 その上で看過してはならないことは、瞬時の決断力や高度な集中力あるいは克己心や耐久力、旺盛な行動力など、厳しい戦いの世界で培われたスポーツ選手のいわば人間力は、第二の職業世界においても確かな優位性をもつということである。今日、プロスポーツは、市場経済システムの猛威の果てに疲弊の度が一層深まっている地域社会の、コミュニティとしての再生を担う役割を期待されている。

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 The purpose of this study was to clarify the types of step adjustment performed by baseball infielders for catching a grounder in relation to skill level. The subjects were 18 amateur baseball infielders, whose fielding motions were videotaped using 2 high-speed video cameras (300 Hz). The 3-dimensional coordinates of both the toes and the ball were obtained using the DLT method. The top 9 subjects who showed small variations in the grounding point of both feet when adopting the catching posture were defined as a high-performance group, and the bottom 9 subjects were defined as an intermediate-performance group. The results obtained were as follows:
 1) Baseball infielders modified each grounding point from 4 steps to 1 step before catching in order to acquire the most appropriate catching point, and the final step was highly reproducible.
 2) The high-performance group showed a significantly smaller standard deviation in the 1 step before the grounding point than the intermediate-performance group.
 3) In the high-performance group, there was a positive correlation between the standard deviation of step length 1 step before and the standard deviation of the grounding point from 5 steps to 2 steps before.
 These results suggest it is important to reduce variations in the grounding point 1 step before by earlier perception of the error in the front-to-rear direction of the grounding point. These results could provide important insight for coaches or trainers attempting to improve the performance of infielders when catching a grounder.

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 The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematics of the lower limb and trunk motion of infielders with different skill levels while fielding grounders in baseball, and to make suggestions for coaching. Subjects were divided into a Superior Group (SG, n=10) and an Inferior Group (IG, n=10) according to fielding ability. Trials involved 2 patterns, i.e. fielding a normal grounder and fielding a bad hop. The fielding motions were videotaped with 2 high-speed video cameras (300 Hz). Three-dimensional coordinates of the segment end-points, the glove and the ball were obtained using the DLT method. The angles compared between the 2 groups were flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal-external rotation for both hips, flexion-extension for both knees, dorsa-plantar flexion for both ankles, tilt backward-forward for the trunk and the center of gravity of the body (CG). The sequential data were normalized with the time from the point when the right foot made contact until catching, and then averaged.
 The results can be summarized as follows: (1) the SG showed a significantly earlier the point of right foot contact in catching than the IG. There was no inter-group difference in the motion time from catching to release. (2) In catching a normal grounder, the SG showed significantly larger right hip flexion (20% time), adduction (100% time), and trunk tilt backward (0-20% time) than the IG (p<0.05). The SG showed significantly smaller displacement of the CG in a leftward direction (50-100% time) than the IG. (3) The SG showed a smaller change of catching posture between dealing with a normal grounder and a bad hop than the IG.
 These result suggest that it is important for infielders to bend the right hip and reduce the change in their catching posture in order to accurately field a batted ball.

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As the social recognition of the Paralympic Games becomes wider and the popularity of the Paralympians, particularly the medalists, grows rapidly, the severe training and human endeavor of the athletes as well as the devotion and support of their families and friends are more and more widely reported.

On the other hand, the touching human stories and inspiration which they give to the general public have begun to be seen as having an unintended negative impact to the actual social inclusion of persons with disability, as those stories and the mode in which they are reported, tend to make the medalists more and more divorced from the “ordinary citizens” with disabilities.

As part of the efforts to mitigate such a divorce and to fill the gap between the success stories of the elite athletes and the frustration of the masses, one could make some deep analysis on the nature of the inspiration or heightened sentiment which one draws from the achievements of the athletes with disabilities.

In doing so, the author of this article divides the origins of such ”inspiration” or sentiment into five dimensions, namely 1 acceptance and endurance of disabilities, 2 overcoming disabilities by making achievements, 3 conversion of or compensation for disabilities, 4 protest and impeachment and 5 gratitude for support and sense of co-habitation or symbiosis.

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  In this study, we focused on the collective responsibility of baseball club members who were not directly involved in a scandal, with the aim of providing a new insight into the ethics pertaining to suspension of the club from the Japan Student Baseball Association (JSBA). For this purpose, we referred to Räikkä and Miller, who had conducted a rigorous analysis of collective responsibility for scandal involving individuals, and on this basis considered the punishment imposed by the JSBA in such cases.
  Cases of scandal can be classified broadly into three categories: one in which there is no direct victim, one in which the victim is a member of the same team, and one in which the victim is a member of the public. We assessed the collective responsibility of the baseball club members who were not considered to have committed any misconduct directly related to these categories. The issue of individual scandal in high school baseball was addressed by considering the following four points:
1.  Whether or not the club members had had an opportunity to oppose any wrongdoing without seriously risking their position.
2.  Whether or not the club members had had an opportunity to oppose any wrongdoing by appealing for any facts readily available to them.
3.  Whether or not the club members had had an opportunity to oppose any wrongdoing but did not do so because such efforts would have been considered futile.
4.  Whether or not the club members had accepted any wrongdoing without opposition.
  On the basis of these considerations, we considered it reasonable to support disciplinary action from the JSBA in cases where violence and bullying at the club had continued for a long period. On the other hand, in clubs where there is a hierarchy structure of senior students over junior students, we considered it unreasonable to support any action of the JSBA against junior students who are unable to oppose any wrongdoing because of their inferior position. Also, in cases where there are no direct victims, such as those involving smoking and drinking, we considered that it was not appropriate to impose a suspension unless the prevailing ethos within the club promoted such practices. In cases where the victim is a member of the public, we considered it inappropriate to impose any suspension on members who have not been directly involved in misconduct.

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Professional baseball, the origin of professional sport in Japan, has been institutionalized through the leading involvement of corporations, which are economic organizations with the purpose of profit.

The Bundesliga in Germany, which serves as an ideal for the J.League, is organized around nonprofit organizations known as Verein. German nonprofit organizations operate primarily based on general meetings of local citizens and voting in elections and play a role in negotiating with governments and businesses while consolidating and representing the views of local citizens. For the Bundesliga, in which only Verein had been permitted to participate, the commercialization of the 1990s saw permission to operate clubs extended to for-profit companies. However, with the establishment of the “50+1 rule” and the “club licensing system”, clubs were required to hold a majority of their own voting rights. Under such a system, the Bundesliga has contributed to the creation of “civil society”-formed through collaboration between businesses, government, communities, and nonprofit organizations—while centered on a “citizenry” that seeks to organize groups and associations and influence political and economic systems.

This study analyzed the J.League philosophy from this public sphere perspective and found that although a philosophy aimed at collaboration between governments, businesses, and citizens has persisted to the present day, and partnerships between businesses and governments have materialized—local governments, for example, hold shares in professional soccer clubs—the specific roles that citizens and nonprofit organizations can play in league and club operations remain undetermined. Moreover, this challenge was attributed to differences in the systems around corporations in Japan and Germany.

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 This article aims to elucidate the activities of an intermediary network NPO for community sport clubs (CSC) based on the theory of civil society. The activities of this intermediary network NPO occur in the intermediary sphere between the public and the private realm, creating a public sphere. This article discusses the implications of this public sphere created by the intermediary network NPO. This NPO started with the publication of a newsletter in 1998. Later it obtained corporate status and built an internet community. In 2007, it selected promoters for the nationwide organization. The target of analysis was the activity fields from 1998 to 2007.
 This article refers to the theory of new social movements by Albert Melucci and the theory of radical democracy by Ernesto Laclau. These 2 theories provide an approach for understanding and interpreting the process whereby individuals challenging the limitations of a social structure develop into citizens with public intentions, as a public sphere.
 While the newsletter community was a public sphere, where public intentions could be expressed through the representatives of the network NPO, the internet community was a free discourse space, where individuals could express their personal intentions. These 2 communities corresponded to a process of individualization from individuals engaging mainly in private acts to citizens with public intentions. Melucci explained this process as the potential for individualization. These communities (discourse spaces) promoted awareness of structural undecidability and non-recovery of a unique hegemony in the field of sport administration. Many sport practitioners were equivalently aware of it. Laclau explained the situation with the phrase, “chain of equivalence”.
 The intermediary network NPO selected the promoters of community sport clubs from among people with public intentions and created a mechanism that enabled the mobilization of these people from the intermediary realm. This mechanism was achieved by leveraging information and human resources in a field independent of politics and economy. This is how a new political hegemony was generated against the sport administration. This article discussed the creation of a public sphere that promoted awareness of structural undecidability and non-recovery of a unique hegemony through the potential for individualization, which has led to the next political stage of sports.

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体育哲学／体育史／体育社会学／体育心理学／運動生理学／発育発達／測定評価／体育方法／保健／スポーツ人類学／アダプテッド・スポーツ科学／介護福祉・健康づくり

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