The Lung Khê Citadel site is located on the natural levee of the old Dâu River at Lung Khê hamlet, Thành Khu'o'ng village, Thuân Thành district in Bac Ninh Province. The citadel includes a large rectangular walled fort (north wall: 680m, south wall: 520m, east wall: 320m, west wall: 328m).
Previous studies have identified the Lung Khê Citadel as the central citadel of Luy Lâu district, which was established as the capital of Chiao Chih (Giao Chi) Prefecture in the Western Han period and was also a place where Si Nhiêp, the prefect of Chiao Chih, resided. Recent studies have reshuffled the previous understanding.
Excavations and field research have revealed that the citadel was built in the 2nd century AD and continuous occupation can be confirmed to the end of the 5th or early 6th century AD. A large-scaled bronze workshop has been confirmed in the north central area inside the walls. A mold fragment of a bronze drum found in this area indicates a part of the workshop was used for casting late Heger I type drums. Although the majority of the artifacts are of Chinese-origin, several types, such as end roof tiles, a table-shaped stone mortar (pesani) and kendi, show cultural affinity with artifacts found in Trà Kiêu and Óc Eo, where the early Southeast Asian states were formed.
Among the early citadels or fort sites in the Red River Delta, Lung Khe is the largest one next to Cô Loa. The construction of Cô Loa can be dated between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD, but it seems that after its construction Cô Loa was not used for a very long time. On the other hand, the scale, occupation period and material culture of Lung Khê are worthy of the central capital of the Red River Delta, which must have been Long Bien. While there are many historical or legendary relics of Si Nhiêp around Lung Khê, no early document mentions any relation between Si Nhiêp and Luy Lâu. The title Long Ben Hâu conferred to Si Nhiêp as the lord of the district recorded in the San kuo chih is supporting evidence for this hypothesis.
The development of the Nan Hai trade from the end of the 1st millennium BC between China and Southeast Asia or further west stimulated the socio-economic development of the Red River Delta as an entrepôt, and the political power at Lung Khê should have been related to trade. However, from the late 3rd or 4th century a change in the trade route may have brought about a decline in the economic position of the Red River Delta. The later period of the Lung Khê Citadel were less connected with the south, so more domestic factors inside the Red River Delta need to be understood in a historical context.

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 The purpose of this article is to criticize the view of ancient Vietnamese agriculture held by some Japanese historians of Vietnam that 'Lạc Điẽn, ' or ricefields of Lạc, described in the 'Giao Châu Ngoại Vực Ký' quoted in the 'Thủy Kinh Chú, ' a Chinese geography in the 6th century can be identified with the tidal irrigation system presently used in 'Thái Bình' province in the Red River Delta.
  Part 1. From a comparison of this view with other opinions held by Vietnamese and French historians or geographers, and an analysis of the geographical situation and historical background of the tidal irrigation system in 'Thái Bình' province, it is evident that the basis of this view is a misinterpretation of French geographer P. Gourou's information on that irrigation system, and it is impossible to conclude that this system was used in the ancient Red River Delta.
 Part 2. With identification of the Red River's names in the 'Thủy Kinh Chú' with present Red River Delta geography, indicates that 'Giao Chỉ' province in the 'Hán' Dynasty, which was composed of 10 or 12 counties, was bounded by the mountain area of 'Vinh Yên' and 'Bắc Giang' provinces in the west, the 'Phủ Lý' River-'Khoái Châu'-Sept Pagodes line on the south and the 'Đông Triẽu' mountains in the east. Counties were not established in the lower delta or the 'Thái Bình' Delta.
  Part 3. Analysis of ethnographical and archeological data suggests that the reclamation in Red River Delta was accomplished by the introduction of the planting complex of fifth-month rice, tenthmonth rice and Aus-type rice, the first and last planted in lower-lying ricefields, for example in the backswamp, before the flood season, and the second planted mostly at higher places, such as hillsides, terraces and natural levees to avoid flooding. Furthermore, in the eastern part of 'Bắc Ninh' province, where until the 19th century, the lower ricefields were frequently influenced by tidal movement, rice varieties highly resistant to salt were probably introduced on the mud flat of the river beach. The cultivation of these tidal areas might have attracted the attention of Chinese travellers.
  Part 4. A comparison of the description of 'Lạc Điẽn' and the tidal areas in 'Giao Châu Ngọai Vực Ký' with the 'Nam Việt Chí' quoted in 'Tháì Binh Quảng Ký' suggests that the identification of 'Lạc Điẽn' with the tidal areas is a forced analogy to explain the meaning of 'Lạc' as the ethnic name of old Vietnamese.
 In conclusion, the cultivation of the ancient Red River Delta involved not engineering method, but agronomic farming, so that basis of the ancient 'Lạc Tướng' or Generals of 'Lạc' and 'Lạc Vướng' or king of 'Lạc' must lie in other factors than the control of a tidal irrigation system.

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For more than fifteen years the Society of Southern Asian Studies has been working on Chinese source materials concerning Southern Asian countries. During the years 1959 and 1960, the study group of the Southeast Asian history made a research into the section Chiao-chih (Viet-nam) in the part Fan-i _??__??_ (barbarians) of Sung-hui-yao chi-kao. This projest was supporeted by a study grant from the Ministry of Education.
Present article is a collated text and translation of the first half of the section Chiao-chih section (up to A. D. 1067). The translation was done by members of the group and revised by Tatsurô YAMAMOTO and Hisanori WADA with the collaboration of Yoshio KANAYAMA.
It consists of two parts: the first is the collated text of Sung-hui-yao with punctuations, the second is its Japanese translation followed by notes on events, proper names and official titles.

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Society and state in pre-modern Vietnam were strongly influenced by those of China. Recent research indicates, however, that absolute rule supported by bureaucracy and Confucian ideology like that in the Chinese empire was not established until the 14th century. How, then, did earlier dynasties such as Lý become stabilized and gain control over semi-independent local powers?
 The foundation of the Ly dynasty did not put an end to frequent regional rebellions outside the Red River Delta, sometimes involving an alliance with another country. The framework of political integration under this Vietnamese dynasty, in which the central government of the Red River Delta controlled the northern mountains and the southern provinces, was barely established in the latter half of the 11th century. Moreover, the integration of the Red River Delta itself collapsed in a struggle among local powers on the fall of the Lý dynasty.
 Under these conditions, the central government could not dismantle the local military powers and construct a military bureaucracy. The submission of local powers, often symbolized by a ceremony of allegiance, was achieved only by means of personal demonstrations of power by the emperor or princes in expeditions or ritual travels to the local powers. Such demonstrations gradually came to be undertaken by persons close to the emperor and by the grand aristocrats.
 Ultimately, the stability of the Lý dynasty rested on the military actions of the “mandala overlord” in the Red River Delta and their spread to the aristocracy.

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The present article begins with a discussion of the prototype of the Northern Song military regimental system (jiangbing 将兵) as the regiments organized by Fan-Zhongyan 范仲庵 to form the core of his defense strategy in the war with the Xixia 西夏 during the reign of Emperor Renzong 仁宗, Later the organization would spread throughout the military forces stationed in the Shanxi region. Next, the author confirms the process of the system's further expansion, by which regiments of the Shanxi region active during the reign of Emperor Shenzong 神宗 in the war with the Xixia and the campaign of territorial expansion into the Xihe 熙河 region not only formed the core of defense operations, but also played an important role in offensive strategy. He then shows that 1) the jianbing system of the Shanxi region developed through a complete reorganization into a military establishment centered around regiments in coordination with the changing conditions in the region from the reign of Emperor Renzong on and 2) the formation of the jianbing system in the Hebei region and southeast circuits was influenced by the new Shanxi military establishment, in the midst of the tense foreign situation which began developing in the 7 th year of Shenzong's reign (1074). Furthermore, the jianbing system that arose in each region throughout the Northern Song empire reflected differing situations vis-a-vis such foreign entities as the Xixia, Liao 遼 and Dayue 大越. The author concludes that the jianbing system of the Northern Song Dynasty was by no means a uniform, homogeneous military institution, but was rather formed within the processes by which such regions as Shanxi, Hebei and the southeast circuits responded to the nature of differing foreign threats. Shanxi, in particular, which experienced frequent military clashes with the Xixia, became the Northern Song's innovator in military organization, influencing the systems that would develop in Hebei and the southeast circuits. In other words, from a military policy standpoint, Shanxi became a point of interconnection in the Dynasty's international posture.

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This article deals with the major tribes of south-western China during the Chin and Han period (316 B. C.-220 A. D.) and their classification into several groups as well as a description of their distribution and cultural characteristics. The expansion of the Chin and Han dynasties into the south-western part of China had significant effects on the movement of minority groups.
 The invasion of Han immigrants and the southern movement of the northwestern “Di” descent tribe had implications on the movement of the “I” and “Pu” descent tribes. From the cultural standpoint, the settlement of the Han and the ruling system of the Han and Chin dynasties had lasting effects on the local culture and, indeed, a major cause of its decline was due to the mighty Hua Hsia civilization.

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This Article introduces archaeological remains related to early agriculture, especially rice cultivation, in Late Prehistoric to Early Historic Southeast Asia, and presents aspects of agricultural development based on recent archaeological informations.
 Cultivated rice remains found at prehistoric to early historic sites in Southeast Asia reveal the appearance of rice cultivation in both Mainland and Islands Southeast Asia in the second millennium B. C., and indicate that various types of rice were cultivated in the first millennium B. C. and the first millenium A. D.
 Farm implements used in the first millennium B. C. and the first millennium A. D. include the hoe, spade, sickle, harvesting knife and weeder.
 Many harvesting knives made of shell, stone and metal from Neolithic or Early Metal sites suggest that ear-plucking was the major way of rice harvesting in Early Southeast Asia. On the contrary, most of the sickle-shaped iron implements found at Early Metal sites are not harvesters but weeders of a type that is still used by inhabitants of Southeast Asia.
 Metal hoes of Yunnan style and Han style were found at Early Metal sites in North and North-Central Vietnam only. Few metal hoes were uncovered at Early Metal sites in Southern Indochina and Malaya, where many iron weeders were found.
 Based on the distribution of farm implements, it is proposed that there were two tides of rice cultivation in Early Southeast Asia, that is, the agriculture with metal hoe originating in China, and the agriculture with no metal hoe adapted to the natural environment of Deep Southeast Asia.

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