われわれは,歯科診療室における小児の行動を理解し,歯科診療時の協力性を向上させるために,幼小児の心理的しくみについての科学的実証的研究を続けている。
今回は,「幼児社会性発達検査」,「マッチングテスト」,「歯科診療意識調査」による小児の人格的要因と歯科診療時の行動観察による治療協力度との相関性について調査分析した。
対象児は3歳から7歳までの小児,男児22名,女児10名の計32名である。幼児社会性発達検査は対象児の母親に記入させ,マッチングテスト,歯科診療意識調査は小児一検査者という2者関係で行い,待合室から治療後退室までの小児の行動観察は鳴門教育大学修士課程の大学院生が行った。小児の歯科治療は卒後3年から6年の小児歯科医2名が行った。結果は次のとおりであった。
1 ) 幼児社会性発達検査では, 「運動・安全」および「集団行動」の2 領域で, 治療適応群が不適応群に比べ,社会性発達度が高い傾向を示した。
2 ) マッチングテストでは, 熟慮型, 衝動型という認知スタイルと, 治療適応性との間に関連性は認められなかった。
3 ) 歯科診療意識調査では, 受診動機, 健康意識については治療適応・不適応群に差はなかったが,適応群では治療に対する忍耐性が高かった。

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors inducing caries. These factors were analysed by using data from the surveys of the same children at the ages of 18 months and 3 years.
At the age of 18 months, caries-free children were classified as type O₂ by the presence of plaque and/or white spot enamel region, and others were classified as type O₁. In these two groups we analyzed on the relationship between caries incidence and three different backgrounds. These backgrounds were environmental, health and daily habit factors. We also analyzed the relationship between each daily habit factor and environmental factors. The results were as follows:
1. Both O₁ and O₂ type were analyzed in regard to environmental, health and daily habit factors by using Hayashi's Quantification Scaling Type 2 Method. The criterion variables were divided into 3 groups: a caries-free group, a group with caries of the anterior region only, and a group with caries of the posterior region. These were determined at the age of three.
2. Environmental and health factors had the discriminant principal components. The first one was characterized by the presence or absence of molar caries, and the second by the presence or absence of caries.
3. In the O₁ type, there were two discriminant principal components in the daily habits. The first one was regularity of daily life, which characterized the caries occurence of the anterior teeth only or of the molar caries. The second one was irregularity of daily habits during the period from 18 months to 3 years old, which characterized the presence or absence of dental caries at the age of three. The children with caries of the anterior teeth showed regularity of daily life and good conditions at home. On the other hand, the children with molar caries had no regularity of daily life and a poor environment at home. The caries-free group showed restriction or control of intake of sweets and habitual brushing by their mothers. The two caries-positive groups showed a tendency that was the opposite of the caries-free group.
In the O₂ type, parental care at the age of 18 months was the first discriminant principal component, which characterized the presence or absence of anterior teeth caries. The caries-free group showed good daily habits at the age of 18 months. The children with anterior teeth caries had poor habits. The second discriminant principal component was control of eating habits during the period from 18 months to 3 years, which characterized the presence or absence of molar caries. Caries-free children showed good eating habits during this period and brushed their own teeth more than twice a day at the age of three. Children with molar caries showed the opposite tendency at the age of three.
4. The Type 2 Method of Hayashi's Quantification Scaling was applied to the analyses on the relationship between each category of daily habits and environmental factors. Each category and change was used as the criterion variables. There were some problems regarding eating habits and contents of meal at the age of 18 months. At this time, the monthers' ages were between 21 to 27. There were some problems regarding stopping bottle feeding in the first or second child among the group of mothers who were over 31. There was some tendency toward prolonged bottle use, delayed toilet training, finger sucking, and beverage intake during the night in the families comprising three generations, where the mothers were over 31. Regional difference had the most influence on snack intake.

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日本における教育は文系と理系に区分されている。この区分に対して今まで多くの疑義が示されてきた。本稿は文系の代表的な分野である法学と理系の代表的な分野である数学が実はその本質は同じものなのではないかというアプローチから、文理区分に対して疑義を示すものである。本稿は、文系思考とは何か、理系思考とは何か、学説対立の有無、数学者と法律家は歴史的に一体性などを見る。その結果、法学も数学も共に人間の造ったものであり、共に論理であるがゆえ解釈の違いがあることを明らかにする。さらに、その問題解決法にも類似が見られ、歴史的にも法律家と数学者は同一人物であることが多く、両者には非常に密接な関係にあることも述べる。これらのことから法学と数学は一体的なものであり、単に「文系と理系であるために異なる学問である」とすることは、法学の発展、数学の発展の双方にとっても望ましいこととは言えないと述べる。

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This paper examines the response of agricultural cooperatives to trade and financial liberalization and the development of social movements in Niigata Prefecture since the 1970s. The significance of using Niigata Prefecture as a research field is twofold. First, Niigata Prefecture is one of Japan’s leading rice‒producing regions. Second, from the 1970s to the 1990s, local politics in Niigata Prefecture underwent rapid change. Although Niigata had been a stronghold of the right‒wing Liberal Democratic Party, support for the left‒wing Socialist Party grew during this time. Therefore, Niigata Prefecture suggests an important case for political and economic analysis in contemporary Japanese area studies.

Niigata Prefecture’s agricultural production peaked around 1990 and then began declining, while urbanization and industrialization progressed. In addition, agricultural cooperatives merged with each other under the pressures of “financial liberalization”, while rice prices declined due to the “deregulation of food controls”. Accordingly, Niigata Prefecture's agriculture faced a turning point around 1990. In the midst of this agricultural crisis, some farmers and agricultural cooperatives collaborated with consumers and started direct marketing, mainly through co‒ops. This enabled them to organize councils to share information on agricultural production and technology, and to bring network externalities to the participants.

It was under these circumstances that the election for Niigata governor was held in 1989. The farmers, in alliance with consumers, staged tractor demonstrations against rice liberalization and the introduction of the consumption tax, but the Socialist Party’s candidate they supported lost in a close race against the Liberal Democratic Party’s candidate. Despite this defeat, however, the farmers did not stop their campaign. They held demonstrations in Tokyo and Brussels against the GATT Uruguay Round, with the result that food protection policies remained in place for some time longer. The farmers' movement still continues. They are the key players in the organic farming movement and in the movement to revive local agriculture. Therefore, their movement can be regarded as a network‒type community movement.

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  As for the relationship between Diet members and local assembly members in Japan, previous empirical researches mainly focus on their clientelistic relations among them and upward political career move from local assembly to the Diet. In this article, the author presents a different perspective from these previous researches, and elaborates the tendency that Diet members try to change their career to local politicians, especially governors and mayors of local governments. Two political reforms in the 1990s affected the ambition of Diet members; the electoral reform changed patterns of political competition in electoral districts, and the decentralization reform enhanced the attractiveness of the position of mayors.
  In this article, the author investigates the cases that Diet members / former Diet members, who stood as a candidate in the five elections before and after the electoral reform, challenge governor / mayor / local assembly elections. The results show that more Liberal Democratic Party members challenge to local elections after the electoral reform, and the more leading opposition members, who were affiliated with Japan Socialist Party or New Frontier Party or Democratic Party, challenge to local elections than LDP members. Besides, this article reveals that by measuring the effective numbers of candidate the patterns of political competitions in governor / mayor elections are different before and after the electoral reform.

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