This study reveals the direction of responsibility and the role that corporations should play from the viewpoint of Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR), which has not been clarified. With respect to human rights in Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights(UNGPs), corporate responsibility remains avoiding the abuse of human rights, not including its positive realization. However, Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)and social rights agreements overlap in content, and ISO26000 adopted UNGPs encourage organizations to go beyond legal compliance. Corporations are already playing key roles in realizing social rights and people cannot meet their basic needs without it. Therefore, from a CSR standpoint, corporations are strictly required to(1)develop the contents of social rights as their core business strategy and(2) integrate human rights into all their business activities. Furthermore, a new institutional framework for the protection of human rights that includes both state and corporations as the subject is required.

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This paper analyzes the decision of the federal court of Canada in Zunera Ishaq v. Canada (The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2015 FC 156. In this decision, the federal court considered the duty of citizenship candidates to remove their niqab (a veil worn by Muslim women) when they were taking the oath. Ishaq’s case includes important matters for multiculturalism, such as acceptance of religious minority’s practice. It also presents the serious problem of immigration laws about naturalization and their government practice. Therefore, examining the decision is useful to understand more deeply the immigrant nation Canada where multiculturalism is national policy. At first, I introduce the process of naturalization in Canada. Next, I examine the decision in detail, and show the movement of the political section around this decision. Then, I discuss the constitutional issues therein. Specifically, they are the relations between wearing the niqab and the scope of the protection of freedom of religion by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, between “reasonable accommodation” and religious freedom, and between the wearing of a religious symbol in public places and the freedom of religion. I also mention the precedents of the Supreme Court about wearing the niqab. Through the discussion above, this paper reveals the recent trends in the immigration laws of Canada although it is limited to the matters of naturalization.

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We held three organizers’ symposiums about “The New Field of Legal Profession and the Sociology of Law: Current Transformation of Law and Lawyers” at the JASL Annual Conference 2011. Especially, the plenary symposium called “Works, Roles, Ethics and Identity of the Legal Profession in the Globalizing Society” was the big success session of them. The purpose of the plenary symposium was to discuss issues about lawyer’s new works, roles, ethics and identity under the great legal change caused by the globalization. We imagine the “globalization” as the development of highly complex global trade system and the expansion of the multi-ethnic world society prompted by the political multi-polarization brought by the end of the Cold War and ICT (information & communication technology) innovation since 1980s. The size of financial market has been multiplied and technologically supported by ICT. Supply chains management in manufacture industries are expanded all over the world. Everywhere in the world, we can see various ethnic people. On the other hand, there remain traditional local communities where people are living as old days. The polarization between the highly globalised world society and the domestic local society has become prominent and sometimes causes conflicts. Globalization has transformed the legal system into dual structure; the globalised legal system and the traditional community legal system. On the global level, there are not only formal legal norms implemented by governmental or international authorities, but also soft laws with which we comply without any governmental legally-binding force. We have confirmed that more and more international trade arbitration and mediation has been utilized to resolve international disputes. New legal forms have forced business frameworks to change substantially. Such great changes have prompted us to address various corporate legal needs, and subsequently, lawyers’ field of work is becoming more business-oriented than ever. How to evaluate this transformation is the agenda of the plenary symposium at the JASL Annual Conference 2011.

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韓国は1987年に民主化し現行憲法へと改正されて以来30年間で, 7名の大統領のうち2名が国会で弾劾訴追され, 憲法裁判所で審判された。盧武鉉大統領のケースは棄却され, 職務に復帰した反面, 朴槿恵大統領は罷免されるなど帰結が異なっている。本稿はこうした憲法裁判所の決定や9名の裁判官の個別意見の相違について司法政治論の観点から分析する。

　6対3で棄却した盧武鉉大統領のケースでは, 大統領選出の裁判官は, 国会や大法院長など他の部門によって選出された裁判官よりも, 大統領の弾劾審判において謙抑的になるという 「部門モデル」 と, 進歩派に選出された裁判官は進歩派の大統領の弾劾審判において謙抑的になるという 「党派性モデル」 の2つが妥当する。一方, 8名 (1名欠員) 全員一致で罷免にした朴槿恵大統領のケースでは, どの裁判官も, 選出部門や党派性の相違とは関係なく, 「国民情緒 (中位有権者)」 や 「我ら大韓国民」 (憲法前文) の動向に従うという 「主権者モデル」 が妥当する。つまり, 国民に直接選出された大統領の政治生命は, 国民に直接選出されたわけではない憲法裁判所に左右されたが, 憲法裁判所 (裁判官) の決定は国民の意向を踏まえたものであった。

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Norms have played an important role in international relations, but it has been difficult to obtain a positive analysis of these norms. To what degree, then, is constructivism effective in analyzing the formation, change, and usage of norms in international relations? In this article, we considered the analytical scope of constructivism as related to norms.
Firstly, we reconfirmed the characteristics of constructivism in this article. Secondly, we reconsidered the significance of constructivism. Here, by considering the questions about constructivism in Japan, we revealed constructivism's significance. In other words, constructivism does not replace conventional theory but is an effective theoretical approach. Also, this constructivism does not aim to be a universal rule, but in order to interpret the significance of the phenomenon, we set out to positively reveal the causation. Thirdly, constructivism, when analyzing international relations and norms, it is possible to reveal the dynamism of norms by associating with the shift in knowledge of each stakeholder.
Finally, in this article, we performed a preliminary case analysis. This analysis suggested that international trade norms and global environment norms are in conflict, and in the process of aligning these norms, environmental NGOs, as norm entrepreneurs, turned this conflict of norms into a political issue. Also, as places of debate are institutionalized for discussion among stakeholders, debates on norms have become more concreted and technical, making it easier to obtain results.

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