Many endeavors have been already made to study the real situations of organization of the police or performance of policemen's duties and to seek the factors determining these realities. Especially, many works to throw light on the real situations of illegality accompanied with the performance of policemen's duties have obtained cxcellent results. In a task as important as seeking the real situations of illegality, we have to study the legal (negative) sanctions and other reactions, which will bring on the prevention of delict. In the field of judicial police functions, legal sanctions, such as the punishment of illegal policemen, the reparation to victims, the restriction of competency in confession and the denial of competency in illegally obtained evidence, are presently functioning to prevent illegality. However, in the field of administrative police functions, especially of Keibi-koan Keisatsu (namely, “public safety police”) as the political police, we can hardly find the sanctions mentioned above. It is a problem of legal sociology in police study to analyze the situations of legal sanctions and other reactions to illegality accompanied with the activity of “public safety police”, especially to make clear the reasons why the legal science as a conscious legal-policy science does not effectively respond to them, and to clarify the factors determining these present situations.
It remains an important problem to study the realities of organization of the police or performance of policemen's duties, and to seek the factors determining these realities. As regards this problem, we must overcome the difficulties in obtaining materials for our studies, because if we publish our research work it becomes difficult to collect them. In my own experience, when I researched the realities of Petition and Permission required for the marriage of policemen (regulations as adopted in early Meiji era), my interviews were not refused by policemen. Therefore, I could pursue my investigation without any hindrance. However, as I published “Marriage of Policemen” on the above-mentioned problem (1951), “Philosophy of Policemen” bearing on a law consciousness or life consciousness of policemen (1952), “What is Neo-Tokko?” (“Tokko” means the special political police in old Japan) on their activities to gather informations (1954), and the result of research of “Scoresystem” (a sort of merit system) on policemen (1955), my study caused policemen's precautions and it went difficult to obtain materials for my study. These articles are collected in “Police in Japan” (eighth and revised edition, 1969). I think it is also an important problem of legal sociology in police study to research how to meet such difficulties.

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This paper examines a peace movement active in the 1950s and the 1960s, directed by Hector Chalmers, a former Australian POW in a Japanese internment camp. Chalmers led several organisations after the war, ranging from an anti-nuclear campaign to an organisation for exservicemen and women. His case was unique in that the dominant role in representing ex-servicemen and women at the time was taken by the Returned and Services League (RSL), an organization which tended to glorify the war. Japanese and Australian peace organisations tried to support each other in the peace movement after the Second World War, but these collaborations were hindered by strong opposition fuelled by anti-Japanese feeling. The post-war peace movement discussed here, led by an ex-POW, is worthy of study not only in order to enable us to understand the meaning of an ex-POWs wartime experience and its effect on his post-war life, but also to enable us to rethink the past and the future of Australia-Japan relations.

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これまで,占領期児童福祉政策に深く関与したPHW(公衆衛生福祉局,GHQ)の政策構想は不分明なままであった。そこで,本稿は,厚生省児童局の設置過程を手がかりに,PHWの政策構想の解明を課題として設定した。検討の結果,次の2点が明らかになった。第1に,PHWは「児童保護活動を行ううえで,最も障害なのは日本人の児童問題に対する無関心である」とみなしていた。したがって,占領初期,PHWは「関心を喚起し,重要性を認識させること」に腐心した。通達の作成や児童局設置の推進,女性局長の提案などは,その証左である。第2に,PHWは浮浪児問題に関与し始めた頃から,「対象児童の一般化」と「関係機関の連携」という重要な政策理念を有していた。これらの政策理念は,児童局に普通児童を対象とする企画課が設置されたこと,学校保健問題にかかわる連絡調整委員会が設置されたことからわかるように,厚生省児童局の設置により一応結実した。

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本稿では，地方採用警察官の技能形成促進策を明らかにするため，政令指定都市を擁する1万人以上の大規模警察本部の人事データに基づき，その昇進構造を検証することを目的とした。人事データと警察官僚の聞きとり調査による実証分析で得られた知見は，次のとおりである。まず，地方採用警察官が昇進可能な最高階級である警視長（部長職）への昇進には，fast track効果がみられ，早く昇進した者ほど国家公務員（地方警務官：警視長・警視正）へ転身する傾向がみられた。そして，少し遅れて昇進したグループには，警視（警察署長）や警部（警察署課長）への昇進可能性が提示される一方で，その他多くの警察官には，警部補（係長）への昇進可能性が提示される。これらの結果からは，全ての警察官に技能形成へのインセンティブを付与するような人事政策が展開されているとも解釈できる。つまり，自治体警察の昇進構造は，全てのノンキャリア警察官の努力を引き出すよう設計され，その人的リソースを最大動員するための選抜システムが内在されているとも言えるだろう。

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This paper aims to present a case study for municipal reform by investigating the current situation of the municipal system in Saxony. This system is characterized by an urgently needed improvement in infrastructure and by a continually decreasing population. A study of such a municipal system will help us to understand the principle and methods of current municipal amalgamations in Japan. After the unification of Germany, municipalities in the new states that lacked self-government for more than half a century, rapidly reorganized their administrative areas and functions. The Saxony Ministry of the Interior decided to form one-tier (Einheitsgemeinde) or two-stage municipalities (Gemeinde-verbande), with a minimum population of 8, 000 in highly populated areas and with more than 5, 000 inhabitants in rural areas, and at the same time making efforts to abolishing member municipalities with less than 1, 000 inhabitants. Ever since the municipal system of the state of Baden-Wurtemberg was introduced as a model in the state of Saxony, municipalities are now characterized by two types of two-stage municipalities: administrative communities (Verwaltungsgemeinschafi) and administrative unions (Verwaltungsverband). An administrative union consists of a union of member municipalities. An administrative community, however, is an organization of municipalities that entrust a part of the administrative functions of member municipalities to a large town called the fulfilling municipality (erfullende Gemeinde). The type of two-stage municipality is selected according to geographical and historical conditions in the municipal groups. If there is a large central town within the area, an administrative community is formed, whereas an administrative union is usually formed in rural areas lacking a central place. In the state of Saxony, however, it is remarkable that there are more administrative communities than administrative unions, unlike the situation in states such as Baden-Wurtemberg and Thuringia. In addition, owing to the core administration (Kernverwaltung) being in the office of the administrative union or in a fulfilling municipality in Saxony, only small sections of the administration remain in a member municipality, unlike the situation in the state of Baden-Wurtemberg. In the municipalities of new states that depend substantially on the normal state subsidy (Schlusselzuweisungeri) due to lower taxable incomes, strengthening their financial power is considered to be an important factor for the municipalities, to rapidly improve their infrastructure. As a result, in the future we can expect an increase in one-tier municipalities based on amalgamations in the future, because they are more profitable. This is based on economic reasons such as administrative efficiency, decreasing administrative costs, and increasing state subsidy. Moreover, the continual decrease in population will lead to an increase in one-tier municipalities. Naturally, there are opposite opinions expressing concern about the weakened rights of self-government that had been finally gained after a long time, anxiety for the future after amalgamation, and the retrenchment of many mayors and councilors. Conversely, the difficulties of administering two-stage municipalities might encourage a shift to one-tier municipalities. During the last thirty years there were hardly any municipalities in the old German states that shifted from the two-stage to the the one-tier system. Although two-stage municipalities are certainly not so financially efficient as one-tier ones, it was considered important for citizens to maintain the concept of self-government as symbolized by the words Burgerndhe and Ubersichtbarkeit. Here, we can recognize the obvious contrast in municipal administrations between the old and the new states of Germany. The principle of proceeding with municipal reform in Saxony is also different from current

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the power relation that exists in so-called "Japanese Sports"-the Features of which are spiritualism and groupism-through exploring the foundation process of the Japan Student Baseball Association (JSBA) and the ideals laid out in the Charter of Student Baseball (Gakusei Yakyu Kensho, CSB) in the postwar era. This paper is organized in the following way. First, I will analyze the idea of BUSHIDO-YAKYU-RON as asserted by TOBITA SUISHU, the father of student baseball, in the postwar era. Second, the foundation process and ideas of the JSBA and CSB is examined. Finally the reasons why these theories that treated sport as a form of moral education spread among Japanese people are analyzed from within their social context. The conclusion of this paper is as follows. 1. The aim of TOBITA's BUSHID-YAKYU-RON was to reconstruct a chaotic Japanese Society through moral education in baseball. The Ministry of Education delegated the supervision of sport to each sport association, but decided that the aim of sport should be moral education. 3. JSBA also recognized the purpose of student baseball as moral education, and legitimated it as CSB. 4. Many Japanese people accepted the aim of sport as the ideal of reconstructing Japanese society and preventing juvenile delinquency. 5. Student baseball as a "Japanese Sport" was (and is) compelled not only from the topdown, but through a social consensus. 6. The ideals of CSB were designed by Japanese, and excluded "foreign" people in Japan.

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Nichibeikaiwatecho (Anglo-Japanese Conversation Manual), published on September 15, 1945, is said to have sold 3.6 million copies or more in three months after its first publication. According to the Japanese playwright Hisashi Inoue, within just a month after Japan’s surrender to the Allied Powers, the negative image of Americans, once considered “evil creatures” in wartime Japan, had changed into such a positive image that many Japanese were inclined to speak to them. Inoue says that the publication of Nichibeikaiwatecho synchronized with this emotional shift, and for this reason the small handbook sold like hot cakes. In a sense, it was the time when ‘America’ was closest to the Japanese. The presence of the Americans was one of the major factors that led to the brisk sales of Nichibeikaiwatecho and the nationwide boom of Tadaichi Hirakawa's radio program English Conversation, which started on February 1, 1946. As is shown in these cultural phenomena, the framework for English learning in postwar Japan was apparently formed by the publishing and broadcasting media. This implies, however, that the various trends in the contemporary school education were overshadowed by these new phenomena. In this article, I will overview the school education resumed immediately after Japan's defeat in the Asia-Pacific War, by highlighting the history of school textbooks and radio broadcasting. This study will give us an opportunity to view the enthusiasm for English learning in postwar Japan from a slightly different perspective than the conventional ones.

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This paper aims to clarify the process of commercial group in the case of markets in after WWⅡ Kyoto city. Here Black-markets and daily-retail-markets are targeted and following two points are found: firstly, in Kyoto city after Black market deported in August 1946, Kyoto prefecture government allow stalls to open under the regulation. New permission places are expansion to sub-urban area than pre-war and choosing site of building evacuation. Secondly, many privately-owned retail markets opened after WWⅡ and managed by association of merchants. Namely, commercial groups located sub-urban area and new commercial foundation by autonomous activities by merchants.

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本稿の目的は, 大阪市天王寺区上本町六丁目(上六)地区で行われた再開発の事例から, 都市再開発の社会的意義を考察することにある。上六地区コミュニティは, 太平洋戦争終戦直後に不法占拠という形で形成された闇市に端を発する。上六地区は戦災復興土地区画整理事業の施行区域に指定されたため, 地区住民は行政から立ち退きを迫られていた。そのため, 地区住民は立場の安定の獲得を企図して, 上六地区再開発を実施した。再開発に至る過程, 再開発の実施過程, 再開発実施後に区分し, それぞれの期間における権利関係の動向や地区住民と行政との関係の変化, あるいは地区住民の証言を分析した結果, 以下の都市再開発の社会的意義が明らかとなった。1)地区住民にとっては, 土地の権利を獲得することで立場の安定が得られ, また, 社会や行政に容認される存在となった点に意義があった。2)行政にとっては, 戦災復興区画整理の施行や不法占拠地区の清算という点で, 戦後処理が進展したことに意義があった。3)社会にとっても, 住民主導の再開発のあり方, その成功の要因が示された点に意義があった。以上から, 上六地区再開発は, 上六地区住民が自らの立場を守る目的で, 自らの手で実施した再開発であり, 地区住民のための都市再開発であったと結論づけられる。

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