The oligohymenophrous ciliate Paramecium bursaria has endosymbiotic chlorella. P. bursaria shows positive phototactic response, and its response was used as teaching materials. Although the heterotrichous ciliate Stentor polymorpus also has endosympiotic chlorella same as P. bursaria, it has notbeen reported about its phototactic response and its application as teachingmaterials. In this work, we examined whether S. polymorphus can be used as teaching materials by investigating the relationships between the existence of endosymbiotic and the host's phototactic response.

when, cultivating S. polymorpus in light, they showed positive phototactic response. Then, cultivating them in the dark, they indicated thenegative response. Moreover, stentors showed positive phototaxis if they had beenkept in the light environment for one day even after being grown in dark. The position and number of its chlorella were also found to change at the conversion of culture condition. These results suggest that the closely relateto their host's phototactic response, and S. polymorpus is applicable as a teaching material in school education.

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It is known that Osaka played a key role in Tokugawa economy. However, until it experienced changes in its nature after the middle of the 17th Century, it had not been the central market fitted to the Bakuhan system. In this paper, I tried to shed more light on the process of establishment of the goods circulation mechanism appropriate to the Bakuhan system by examining the changing nature of rice marchants (most of rice that they disposed of was collected by feudal lords from peasants) and its historical meanings. It has been a rather widely accepted view that the transfer from Samurai to Chonin (commoner) of the function of rice trader under the system of Kurayashiki (Daimyo's Rice Warehouse) meant the establishment of the market governed by officially authorized Osaka merchants. So, it has been a matter of major concern when "Chonin Kuramoto" (commoner keepers under Kurayashiki) emerged. In my opinion, however, all the "Chonin Kuramoto" in the Tokugawa Period did no necessarily play exactly the same economic role throughout the period. In this paper we were concerned not with the time of appearance of "Chonin Kuramoto" as such, but with the changing nature of "Chonin Kuramoto" and with the time of appearance of such "Chonin Kuramoto" that weer fitted to the policies of Tokugawa ruling class. I tried to divide the process of the change of Kuramoto-whether they were Samurai or Chonin-into three phases. The criterion in this division was what position in the rice trade institutions was given to the feudal lords compared with merchants. I emphasized that the relative power of merchants was declining over time and that in the final, third phase, the rice merchants had become mere commission agents of feudal lords; I think that such rice merchants are in fact "Chonin Kuramoto" in the historical sense of the term. Finally, I concluded that the establishment of such "Chonin Kuramoto" system was one of the evidences that the Tokugawa ruilng class had reached the point of virtual control of the circulation network over the country. According to my finding, "Chonin Kuramoto" in this sense seem to have appeared between the Kambun-Empo and the Genroku Era (1663-1703). This conclusion will be consistent with other facts which indicate changes in the nature of Osaka market. I mentioned as examples of such facts two phenomena, the establishment of Osaka wholesale merchants and the financing to lords by merchants in the final parts of the paper.

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It is the purpose of this paper to estimate the amount of earth moved through Kannanagashi and the output of tatara in the Chugoku Mountains from historical data. In Japan iron was produced only by the traditional ironsand smelting method, tatara, until Western style smelting was introduced in 1853, and the tatara method continued to operate until the 1920s. The ironsand used as raw material is found in small quantities in weathered granitic rocks, it was collected by cutting weathered rocks and sorting in running water. This method of mining was known as kannanagashi. Spurs and hills in the Chugoku Mountains have been deformed by kannanagashi on a large scale as the quantities of ironsand found were small in proportion to the amount of earth moved. The amount of earth moved and the output of tatara can be estimated for the period of about 220 years from the beginning of the 18th century to the 1920s using the following factors: 1) the ratio of volume of iron sand collected to that of earth cut, 2) the volume of ironsand collected at one mine for one year, 3) the number of mines, 4) the ratio of iron sand used for tatara to output of tatara, 5) the volume of ironsand used for one tatara for one year, 6) the out put of one tatara for one year, and 7) the number of tatara. From the above calculations I conclude that the amount of earth moved was about 1,508 million m^3 and the output of tatara was about 2,660,000t.

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In order to grasp the relative roles of regional firms and the commercial capital of company enterprises, we try to study the continuities and discontinuities in the evolution of regional national banks from regional commercial firms. Concretely speaking, our investigation begins by focusing on the entrepreneurial activities of the Omi merchants. First, we may study companies from the attitude of the merchants by examining the details of the establishment of various regional firms and financial companies. These details are contained in copies of petitions made on behalf of the founding of the companies. The official attitude towards companies may be seen from studying the nature of those companies for whom authorization was not given. Next, it should be understood that the motivation for founding national banks was quite distinct from what was involved when groups on both the winning and losing side of the turmoil at the time of the Imperial Restauration set up regional firms. It is for this reason that we must study the nature of the relationship between regional commercial firms and regional national banks. Thirdly, on the face of things regional national banks may be classified as samurai banks, merchant banks, and joint samurai-merchant banks. Congruent with our interest in the relationship between regional commercial firms and these banks we must try to make clear the character of the entrepreneurial figures participating.

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The coast of kamchatka Peninsular, Okhotsk Sea, and the lower reaches of Amure River were the most famous salmon fishing grounds. After the victory of Russo-Japanese War Japanse fishery fights and interests in Russian coast were admitted internationally by 12th article of Portsmouth Treaty, and more than one hundred Japanese fishermen took part in action of fishery grounds. But after the Russian Revolution burst out in 1917, many change appeared in Far-East fisheries. At Nikolayevsk district, some labor unions began to take part in action, and most famous capitalistc Denby Firm went bunkrupt by forfeiting his properties. Mitsubichi Shoji Trading Co. bought its fishery grounds and established new Hokuyo-Gyogyo Co. Ltd in 1919. The Central Union of Socialistic Co-Operations began to take action to attack Japanese fishery firms. Additionally there was a violent Postwar Panic in March in 1920. In these international and domestic cicrumstances, by intercessions of Prime minister Kei Hara, and president of Nippon Ginko Junnosuke Inoue, new monopolistic Nichiro-Gyogyo, Co. Ltd was etablihed by amalgamating big three companies (Nichiro-Gyogyo, Tsutsumi Company, and Yushutsu-Shokuhin) in 1921. Thus new stage came up to the Russo-Japanese fishery negotiations.

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