Japan Federation of Printing Industries (JFPI) has been publishing and updating guidelines as well as providing seminars to improve work environment of printing factories. Furthermore, JFPI has recently established a voluntary environmental guideline in the printing industry "Green Printing Certification Scheme" to promote industry-wide efforts on environmental issues. Meanwhile, the incident of high risk bile duct cancer and the death of employees in proof printing companies have triggered further survey on work place safety by JFPI. In order to deal with this issue, JFPI established "Labor Health Seminar" in cooperation with academic experts, work safety specialists, printing industry organization representatives, and printing materials organization & vendors in June 2012. The seminar has ensured the industry-wide implementation of "measures to prevent health disturbance caused by chemical substances" and helped to improve the work place environments.

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This study examines digital transformation (DX) from the perspective of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly in the printing industry. Although DX is promoted as a national policy and addressed by the industry, its definition, essence, methods, and effects are not widely understood. For SMEs, it is important to understand and deal with DX strategically. Therefore, this study conducted analyses of: (1) policies on DX, (2) DX efforts by -Japanese companies, and (3) digitalization efforts by small- and medium-sized printing companies to explore the essence of DX and consider management strategies that should be adopted. Owing to the advancement in digital disruption, the DX policy specifically expects companies to build business models with a competitive advantage by leveraging digital technology and essentially calls for a transformation to the organizational culture leading to innovation. Although the percentage of Japanese companies engaged in DX is estimated to be between 8%-16%, these companies are introducing IT tools and improving their business performance through business model building combined with human resource utilization and data analysis. We found that the digitalization of the printing companies is progressing in the following order: (1) management-related, (2) process-related, (3) product-related, and (4) interaction-related. Management-related and process-related digitization has produced good results, but product-related digitization has difficulty in monetizing, and interaction related digitalization which results in creating new value through two-way communication between inside and outside of the company is at the initial phase. It is estimated that only a few percent of printing companies have achieved DX. One of the reasons for this is that, like many Japanese companies, too much emphasis has been placed on rationalization investments from a profit-and-loss statement perspective. As a whole management strategy, it is desirable to have a business evaluation criteria including a non-financial capital perspective, and shift to the stanceaiming for building new business models, which leads to create innovation in the future.

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To be responsible stewards of our world, the industrial sphere is required to engage in environmental conservation, especially when it comes to climate change. This is true for all businesses, including those that produce digital and physical books: electronic-books (e-books) and paper-books (p-books) , respectively. Japan's printing related companies are developing Product Category Rules (PCRs) and participating in ISO international standardization for the carbon footprint of products (CFP) regarding e-book and p-book production. In this report, I will introduce the activities the printing industry in Japan is engaging in to monitor and control environmental impact. Because printing is utilized for many products, the printing industry needed to establish a PCR for calculating CFP. The "Publishing & Commercial Printing (work in process) " PCR was established in 2009 and later revised in 2014 in order to reduce collecting data for calculation due to the spread of CFP. A PCR for e-media, including e-books, was established in 2013. The ISO international standard for CFP of print media products, including p-books, was published in 2013; a similar standard for e-media is under development. Comparing the life cycle assessment (LCA) results of e-books and p-books showed the hot spots for each value chain.

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目的・方法：健康無関心層への対策としてナッジやソーシャルマーケティング等の行動科学の活用が推奨されている．筆者らはがん検診受診率向上を目的に，ナッジやソーシャルマーケティングを使ったがん検診受診勧奨のための資材を作成した．

結果：作成した資材は2015年から2018年の間に787市町村から430万人に送付された．データが得られた167市町村について前年度との比較による効果検証を行ったところ，141市町村（83%）で受診率が上昇し，全体として受診率が2.6%上昇し，1.44倍となっていた．ナッジを応用したさらなる受診勧奨として，PRやメディアを戦略的に活用し，乳がん検診をテーマにしたテレビ番組の放送に合わせて，市町村から個人にはがきを送付するキャンペーンを行ったところ，放送後3か月間で前年同月比1.5～7.6倍の受診率向上効果が認められた．さらに放送後，他のテレビや雑誌，SNS等に受診の呼びかけが広がった．翌年は同様の方法で大腸がん検診の精密検査の受診勧奨も行った．

結論：本研究によりナッジ等の行動科学的アプローチが，がん検診受診の行動変容に有効であることを示すことができた．全国的キャンペーンの実施にはメディアや全国市町村との地道な関係構築が必須であるため手間と時間がかかるが，都道府県単位で実施すれば，実行可能性と効果が高まることが期待できる．

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It is urgent to solve global environmental problems. Since the United Nations Summit in 2015 adopted a sustainable development plan, many treaties and systems have been created to address global climate change. Printing and related industries (printing machines, printing inks, prepress, and paper) have made efforts to reduce their environmental load. The “Green Printing System,” an eco-friendly printing factory certification system, has been promoted. Work-related accidents associated with handling chemical substances have accelerated improvements to the working environment in printing and related industries. The printing machine industry has established criteria for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from printing machinery, in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The printing ink industry introduced an “ink green mark system” as an eco-friendly mark in 2015 to reduce the environmental load associated with printing inks. The prepress industry has promoted the spread of a CTP (computer-to-plate) system that includes a simplified development system and development-free plates to improve productivity and reduce energy consumption. The paper industry has formulated a new “environmental action plan” to pursue harmony between environmental and economic activities.

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This chapter describes the trend toward technical standardization in the graphics industry. “ISO/TC130: Graphic technology” and “IEC/TC119: Printed Electronics” are reviewed in relation to international standardization. “Japan Color 2011” and “NSAC 2017” are described in the context of national standardization. In addition, three categories: “color management,” “viewing condition,” and the “safety of machinery” are summarized.

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